POINTS

LIBERALLY EDUCATED MAN
PROS CONS
• Useful in any field
• Good with handling people from all fields
• When a certain field doesn’t need his man power, he can easily switch to another where he is needed
• People will always need liberally educated men
• Adapts with ease
• More opportunities and expansion of borders
• Makes man well-rounded • Unfamiliar with the jargons of fields rendering useless in certain case
•
If there are more specialized men than liberally educated men;
SPECIALIZED MAN
PROS CONS
• Useful and effective in own field • Unfamiliar with other fields
• Hard to adapt with different atmosphere
• For example, the hospital got bankrupt all the people in the world knew how to take
• care of themselves; the people who specialize in the field of Medicine will be left
• unemployed

CHEMISTRY III 4TH QUARTER Topic: Oxidation-Reduction Reaction RedOx

How does electron transfer occur?

Applicable to IONIC COMPOUNDS

Oxidation-Reduction Reaction (RedOx)
examples: photosynthesis, rusting of iron, bleaching, burning

- transfer of electrons reaction
- produces electricity [ELECTROCHEMISTRY] (electricity is produced because of the electron transfer)

If you dip the metal cylinder connecting the bulb of the light bulb to a mixture of water(H2O) and salt (NaCl; the light bulb produce light.

RedOx Reaction -> a loss and gain of electrons

Reduction -> removal of O2 (Oxygen gas)
example: 2 (Fe2 O3) -> O2 + 2 Fe [2:1:2]

Oxidation -> reaction with O2 (oxygen gas)
example: 2 (H2) + O2 -> 2(H2O) [2:1:2]

Reduction & Oxidation [RedOx] are complimentary processes.

Terminology:
1)Oxidation ~ loss of electrons ~ the charge becomes more positive
2)Reduction ~ gain of electrons ~ the charge becomes more negative
3)Oxidizing Agent ~ electron acceptor ~ the substance that is reduced
4)Reducing Agent ~ electron giver ~ the substance that is oxidized

LEO (Losing Electrons is Oxidation) says GER (Gaining Electrons is Reduction)

Oxidation Numbers/Oxidation State:
METAL (+)
HALOGENS (-)

Au Cl
using the (RCC) Reverse Criss Cross Method (which is only applicable to IONIC Compounds)

1. Write Subscripts
Au (1+) Cl (1-)

After undergoing RCC
the Oxidation State of Au (GOLD)= +1
written as : O.S. Au = + 1

the Oxidation State of Cl (CHLORINE)= -1
written as : O.S. Cl = - 1

(Au is the symbol for GOLD which is a Metal)
(Cl is the symbol for CHLORINE which is a Halogen)

Anther Method which works for ALL COMPOUNDS is the ALGEBRA METHOD

Rules in Oxidation Numbers/Oxidation State:
1. The Oxidation State (O.S.) for a monoatomic ion is equal to the ionic charge.

2. The O.S. of Hydrogen or a compound is always +1, except in metal hydrides such as NaH ; where it is -1.

The formation of binary compounds by hydrogen with other elements, are called hydrides. Hydrogen combines with most of the metals and non-metals (except noble gases).

3. The O.S. of an atom in uncombined form is ZERO (0).

4. The O.S. of oxygen in a compound is -2 except in peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide H2O2 where it is -1.

A peroxide is a compound containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond. The simplest stable peroxide is hydrogen peroxide

5. For any neutral compound, the sum of the O.S. of all the atoms must be equal to ZERO (0). (without charge)

6. For a polyatomic ion, the sum of the O.S. must be equal to the charge of the ion.

7. In compounds, the O.S. of many elements corresponds to the element's position in the Periodic Table.

a. GROUP 1A elements, O.S. = +1
b. GROUP 2A elements, O.S. = +2
c. ALUMINUM, 0.S. = +3
d. HALOGENS, O.S. = -1

RECALL:
1. NaF
O.S. Na = +1
O.S. F = -1

2. N2
O.S. N = 0

3. HI
O.S. H = +1
O.S. I = -1

4. NH4 Cl (Ammonium Chloride)
O.S. Cl = -1
O.S. H = +1
O.S. N = ?

O.S. N + [+1*4] + [-1*1] = 0
O.S. N + 4 - 1 = 0
O.S. N + 3 = 0

O.S. N = -3

5. H2 PO4-
There is a charge in this example, so instead of equating the sum to ZERO (0); equate it to the charge which -1 in this compound.

O.S. H = +1
O.S. O = -2
O.S. P = ?

O.S. P + (+1*2) + (-2*4) = -1
O.S. P + 2 - 8 = -1
O.S. P - 6 = -1

O.S. P = 5

Sample Problem 1

What is oxidized and what is reduced in this reaction? Identify the reducing agent and oxidizing agent.

2Na (s) + Cl2 (g) ==> 2NaCl

Na (SODIUM) belongs to GROUP 1A so,
O.S. Na = +1

Cl (Chlorine) belongs to Halogens so,
O.S. Cl = -1

Oxidation means losing electrons; basing the solution on LEDS (Lewis Electron Dot Structure):


We see here that the single sodium electron transfers to the seven (7) electrons of chlorine (satisfying the octet rule).
Na (SODIUM) loses a valence electron. Cl (CHLORINE) gains a valence electron.

The number of valence electrons is the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom's structure.

The oxidized element is Sodium (Na) and the reduced element is Chlorine (Cl).
The oxidizing agent is Chlorine (Cl) while the reducing agent is Sodium (Na).

BEOWULF VERSUS DRAGON SCRIPT by Quincy Payot

JANUARY 2, 2008 3:35 AM

CHARACTERS:
1. KATIE

2. CHARLIE

3. CYNTHIA

4. MONA

5. LEXEE


props: PILLOWS, SLUMBER PARTY ATTIRE, COOKIES, BEVERAGES (H20), CUPS, DRAGON, SLUMBER PARTY BANNER, BLANKETS, STUFFED TOYS, CELLPHONES,POPCORN, BOWL, MAKE UP, FISH BOWL, RAMDOM PIECES OF PAPER, SCRUNCHIES, COMBS, BRUSHES, MAGAZINES, NAIL POLISH



EVERYBODY: WELCOME TO THE SLUMBER PARTY!



Katie: I'm Katie!



Lexee: I'm Lexee!



Mona: I'm Mona!



Cynthia: I'm Cynthia!

(DING DONG)



Mona: Do you hear that bell, Cynthia?



Cynthia: I sure do, Mona!



EVERYBODY: Do you know what that means?!



Lexee: It's time to talk about cute boys?



Katie: No, Lexeekins. It's time for



EVERYBODY: PICK-A-TOPIC-TOPIC-TIME!



Mona: This used to be my fishbowl.



Cynthia: Where's the fish?



Mona: It doesn't matter you silly goose!



Katie: Quit the spaz talk! Let's pick a topic already!

(Drum roll)



[Lexee picks a piece of paper from the stack in the bowl]

Lexee: BEOWULF VERSUS DRAGON?!



Cynthia: Like, O-M-G! That was our school play last year and their Beowulf was so hot!



Mona: Hmm, I only got to the Beowulf versus Grendel's Mother part.



Katie: What's a Beowulf?



Lexee: Does it involve dogs? Because I love dogs!



Cynthia: No! No! No! I'll tell the story; of course, since our topic's BEOWULF versus DRAGON. I'll start there. Beowulf is old already after some years. Then some peasant thief stole a gold cup from an unnamed dragon. The dragon totally went nuts and terrorized Beowulf's kingdom. Too bad, Beowulf's army fled the battle field like chickens running for their lives escaping a free dinner at KFC. But luckily, a handsome Swedish boy named Wiglaf came to help Beowulf. (Starry eyes)



Lexee: Cynthia, you okay? (tries to get her back by snapping)



Cynthia: Oh! Yeah, Beowulf dies from battle booboos along with the Dragon. The end!



Katie: Ooh! Ooh! I know there’s also a movie version, right!?



Cynthia: That’s right, Katie!



Lexee: AH! That Beowulf! L-O-L! I so watched the movie with Fred when we first kissed! (giggles) I wanna tell this part! (raises hand frantically)



Mona: (incoming cellphone text) Look! Look! It’s Cara! She says hello to everybody! We should invite her in our next slumber party! Even though I think she’s kind of a nerd.



Lexee: Mona! (lightly punches her shoulder) Okay, as I was saying



Katie: I hear something, girls. [Everybody is startled]

[Somebody bangs on the door]



Cynthia: Oh, someone’s at the door.

[Lights flicker on and off]



Mona: Katie, I’m scared!

[Dragon noises, then girls scream]

(Everybody goes into a group hug)



Katie: I’m too pretty and ultra popular to die!



Cynthia: I’m still looking for my true love’s kiss!



Mona: Lexee! I’ve always had a teeny-weeny crush on you!



Lexee: Really?! WHY DIDN’T YOU SAY EARLIER?!

(A dragon barges in the room, lights flicker, dragon roar)

[girls scream]

Lexee: [stops screaming, fixes light, stands in front of the dragon waiting]

[Fading dragon roars turns into a bad dragon roar imitation]

CHARLIE! Have you nothing better to do when my friends are here?

Charlie: Hehe, I never knew you played the dragon last year.



Lexee: Give me that! Okay, enough interruptions! I’ll start the story. After a sip of water gals!



Charlie: A toast to girlhood! (Raises cup)



Everybody: A toast to girlhood! (Raises cups and drinks up)



Lexee: Babes, anyway keep in mind in the movie. Grendel’s mother doesn’t die and he promised Beowulf if he gives her a son, she will give hunkalicious Beowulf power and fortune. And as long as she has the golden dragon in her safe keeping, she won’t terrorize the kingdom.



Mona: So, like, Beowulf and Momma Monster did it?



Katie, Cynthia, Charlie: EW!

[Treats Charlie as one of the group]



Cynthia: What was that again? Grendel’s mom doesn’t die.



Katie: She promised Beowulf power and fortune if he gives her a son.



Mona: And as long as the golden dragon horn is with Momma Monster, she will leave his kingdom in peace.

Lexee: Oooh! You guys were listening! Everybody gets a cookie!

[brings out plate of cookies, everyone except Lexee grabs one]

Okay, Beowulf’s old already and they were going to have a party so everybody’s like hailing Beowulf. Then king Beowulf’s advisor, Unferth, gave the king back his gold dragon horn which his servant stole.

Cynthia: So like, instead of a cup; it’s a horn?



Lexee: Yuhuh! Beowulf was furious when he saw the horn not with Momma Monster.

Charlie: A.k.a. Angelina Jolie, she was all gold and smexy in the movie!



Lexee: Nicely said Charlie, not! Anyway, that night a dragon vomiting balls of fire killed Unferth’s family leaving a message-



Charlie: THE SINS OF THE FATHERS! THE SINS OF THE FATHERS!



Lexee: (lightly bonks Charlie on the head) Thank you for interrupting!



Charlie: Any time



Lexee: Then Beowulf had a dream of a gold man threatening to kill his queen, Wealtheow. Then the following day, Wiglaf rode with Beowulf to Momma Monster’s lair where he returned the dragon horn.



Katie: Why does Beowulf always go alone in his adventures? He thinks he’s so macho but he’s really putting his life in more danger and a step closer to Satan’s welcome party.



Mona: Yeah, tell me about it.



Lexee: Then Momma Monster says it’s too late then the dragon jumps out of no where attacking Beowulf and Wiglaf as it targeted Queen Wealtheow. So Beowulf needed to kill the dragon,



Cynthia: And he remembered King Hrothgar who totally committed suicide after bringing back Grendel’s big ugly head. That the only way to kill a dragon is by stabbing the area under the throat; that’s where the dragon builds up fire.



Charlie: He’s so suicidal.

Lexee: Going back to the lovely Lexee, Beowulf single-handedly kills the dragon and they both land on the sea shore. Then the dragon totally morphs into the totally hunky gold guy in Beowulf’s dream.



Katie: Since Momma Monster and the gold guy are both gold, are they mother and son?



Lexee: Very good! You catch on quick, Katie! Yeah, Beowulf dies then the last scene, Wiglaf is caught with the gold dragon horn by the sea shore with the hot Momma Monster.



Mona: I so hope he doesn’t make the same mistake again. That would be so uncool if he fell for that devilish seductress.



(Lexee and Mona do eye contact)

- optional

Cynthia: Dudettes! Get a room!



Charlie: Yeah, I’m still here!



(Mona sticks tongue out)

Mona: Did you know that in the movie, Beowulf had a bed warmer?



Katie: I didn’t know they were high-tech back then.



Lexee: You know, a bed warmer, by the name of Ursula.



Katie: It’s not like I have anything against naming your gadgets but you know.



Lexee: Not that kind of-



Cynthia: Forget it! She’s never gonna get it!



Charlie: It’s kind of sad that none of them had any children to be their heir.



Mona: Yeah, we’re lucky to have family.



- optional

Katie: And that was

Charlie, Katie, Cynthia: THE SLUMBER PARTY!

Cynthia: Okay, okay let’s break up guys; and break up into some dancing.

(party music, everybody dances)

Poems for Chem

My New Nanny Friend

Mom and dad held a job interview
I must know “Who will be my new nanny?”
My former nannies’ ended in a skew
The last one left us, shielding her fanny

I always wondered why they left in a hurry
As I brought out my inventions from my toy chest
Rubber band shooter, amputator, ball burry
Despite that Mom told them my best asset was my zest (Maybe that’s why the kept coming)

I love target practice with my nanny
But she had reflexes of a granny (You’re too slow for me Nanny Mc Granny)
I had the right ammo, calculations
Speed, power, accuracy and patience…(Writing down results of target practice)

“Oh, Danny! Your new nanny’s here!” chirped Louise (mom)
“I’ll turn you into a man of science” (What’s this lady going to do to me?)
That was the line her lips danced to, Science
Chemistry, she’s now the Mac’ to my Cheese (She’s a ninja/scientist/college student at UP)

What Science is to Me

Science, a tool invented by man
Cocoa beans, hot cocoa, chocolate
Brings more meaning to my everyday
Wheat, grain, flour, dough, pasta, spaghetti

Hey look, those guys have some chemistry
Bloo Berry; Bloo Cheese; Moe, Larry & Shemp
A combination so new, Darlin’
Mary Kate & Ashley; Chip & Dale; Drake & Josh

Time saver, life saver, our solution
Alarm clock, seatbelt, Biogesic
Science takes me to my destination
Car, boat, airplane, jet, helicopter

New fields of study born to the world
Architecture, Medicine, Physics
Pass it on to your mates, be a friend
Making science work for you today

THE PASSIONATE SHEPHERD TO HIS LOVE

Mapa sa World History

A - Spain
B - France
C - Italy
D - Turkey
E - Lebanon
F - Greece
G - Saudi Arabia
H -India
I - Pacific Ocean
J -Atlantic Ocean
K - Indian Ocean
L - Mexico
M/N - Guatemala/Yucatan Peninsula
O - Iraq
P = Egypt
Q - Iran
R - Peru

Purple is the color for royalty XDDD

Fleur Delis - represents the royal house of the country where SPCP was originated XDD

Trigonometry comes from the terms 'Treis' meaning Triangle; 'Gonia' meaning Angle; 'Metron' meaning Measure.

Enjoy :D Study hard biSIXuals! XDD Last day na ng exams bkas XDDD please magbayad na yung mga Whis people :D

Chemistry 1st Qtr July 23-24

HOW ELECTRONS BEHAVE >:D

Nature of light

Christian Huygen (1629-1695)
-stated that light, like sound, is a wave motion

***

His idea met many opposite

***

> Sir Isaac Newton (1647-1727)
- one of the GIANTS in science who opposed the idea [lyt doz nut trabel n wabe mosyon >:( ]
- formulated his own particle theory of light

Isaac's Theory of Light :3
Light is a very small particle which travels in straight lines.
(Newtonian Theory of the Nature of Light)

> Maxwell (1864)
- predicted that an alternating current in a circuit would radiate energy in the form of ELECTROMAGNETIC waves travelling through vacuum at the speed of light

> Heinrich Hertz
- did a demo thru an experiment 'the electromagnetic nature of light' to confirm Maxwell's interpretation

Classical Idea:
I. light is a WAVE

nature of light

II. Quantum Nature of Light

Max Planck (1858-1947)
- radiation energy is not continuous
- occurs in PACKETS or PIECES

PACKETS - Quanta
PIECES - Quanta

Quanta Hypothesis:
- thought light was a particle

Photon - quantum of electromagnetic radiation

( the higher the energy the shorter the wave :D)

Albert Einstein
- applied the photon model of light to explain the PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
- won the Nobel Prize for PHYSICS

DUALISM in Nature
behaviour of Light
1. Wave
2. Particle
each can explain one set of phenomena but is in compatible w/ the other set.

Louis de Broglie (1892-1987)
- proposed a dualistic nature of light to explain its behaviour
- to there is a relationship between frequency & energy of photons w/ the wave nature of radiations
- correlate the motion of each particle to a certain wave characterizes its wave properties
- won him a Nobel Prize

BOHR
- combined Rutherford's nuclear atom, Planck's quantum nature, Maxwell's wave model & Newton's Lay of motion
- formed 4 postulates

Postulates:
1. A hydrogen atom consists of a nucleus containing a proton & an electron
2. Only certain orbits are permitted
3. Energy of the e- in a given orbit is fined. As long as the electron stays in that orbit, it neither absorbs nor radiates energy. (stationary state/ground)
4. Electron may move from one stationary state to another (excited state x 3) to do so, it must absorb or emit a quantity of energy

Energy Levels in an Atom
Bohr proposed the energy levels based from the idea of Bohr who proposed that the movement of e- is analogous to the planets orbiting around the sun.
- orbits-> energy level

MAIN ENERGY LEVEL/SHELL
-> the orbits where the e-'s are located
n= 1,2,3,4,etc...
-> compared to a building, the nucleus being the basement and the high levels are the different shells :D
-> each level being greater than the previous

SUBSHELL/SUBLEVEL (s,p,d,f)
-> although a number of e-s may be found in the same main energy level, they may be found in different sublevels

Main Energy Level 1 is found in Subshell type 1s
MEL = 2 : ST = 2s,2p
MEL = 3 : ST = 3s, 3p, 3d
MEL = 4 : ST = 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

ENERGY LEVELS IN AN ATOM
# of sublevels = assigned nos. for the main energy level


ORBITALS
-> region around the nucleus in which e-s will most likely be found
- rooms for electrons
- 1 orbital can only accommodate a max. number of 2 electrons

max. # of e-'s that can = 2n^2
occupy a level/shell
h=main energy level

How many electrons can occupy the 9th Main energy level?
2n^2 = 2(9)^2 = 2(81) = 162 electrons can occupy the 9th Main energy level
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


JULY 24

PICTURING THE ELECTRON
- ground state configuration
(How electrons arrange/themselves in atoms)

WAY TO DESCRIBE THE ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION :D
1. Orbital Energy Diagram (OED)
2. Orbital Diagram Notation (ODN)
3. Electron Configuration (EC)
4. Nobel Gas Abbreviation
5. Shell Configuration

~~~~~****~~~~~
1. OED
-uses boxes and arrows and breaks down each subshell into individual ORBITALS and ENERGY

3 PRINCIPLES in filling up the ORBITALS

* Aufbau Principle*
- electrons are added one at a time starting at the orbital w/ the LOWEST energy (1s)

*Pauli's Exclusion Principle
- an orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons...

The up arrow represents the direction: clockwise; the down arrow is counter clockwise.

*Hund's Rule of Multiplicity
- electrons entering a sublevel containing more than one orbital will be spread out with their spins in the SAME direction so that electrons are distributed singly before they are paired.

Practice :)
show the orbital energy of diagram of F(z=9)

~~~~~****~~~~~
2. ODN
- uses boxes & arrows and breaks down each subshell into ORBITALS
- similar to OED except that the direction of increasing energy is from left to right

ex.
show the orbital diagram of NA (z=11)

Practice
He (z=2)

P(z=15)

O(z=8)

Cl(z=17)

N (z=7)

F(z=9)

S(z=16)

Rb(z=37)

~~~~~****~~~~~
3. EC
- uses letters and nos. & denotes only the TOTAL nos. of electrons in each subshell

2p^3

2 - principle energy level
p - represents the sublevel
3 - total nos. of electrons in sublevel

ex. Write the electron configuration of Na (z=11)
White the full EC of each of the ff:
He(z=2)

S(z=16)

P(z=15)

N(z=7)

O(z=8)

Cl(z=17)

~~~~~****~~~~~

Cr (z=24)
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^4

4s^2 -> 4s^1
3d^4 -> 3d^5

Cu (z=29)
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^9

4s^2 -> 4s^1
3d^9 -> 3d^10

REASON
STABILITY:
Filled Orbital > Half-filled Orbital > Partially filled Orbital

Types of Electrons
1. Valence electrons (v.e.)
- e-'s in the outermost principal energy level/shell
- ones involved in the chemical reactions

2. CORe elctrons (c. e.)
- e-'s that don't participate in chemical reactions

Noble Gas Abbreviation
- shortcut way of writing....