Poems for Chem

My New Nanny Friend

Mom and dad held a job interview
I must know “Who will be my new nanny?”
My former nannies’ ended in a skew
The last one left us, shielding her fanny

I always wondered why they left in a hurry
As I brought out my inventions from my toy chest
Rubber band shooter, amputator, ball burry
Despite that Mom told them my best asset was my zest (Maybe that’s why the kept coming)

I love target practice with my nanny
But she had reflexes of a granny (You’re too slow for me Nanny Mc Granny)
I had the right ammo, calculations
Speed, power, accuracy and patience…(Writing down results of target practice)

“Oh, Danny! Your new nanny’s here!” chirped Louise (mom)
“I’ll turn you into a man of science” (What’s this lady going to do to me?)
That was the line her lips danced to, Science
Chemistry, she’s now the Mac’ to my Cheese (She’s a ninja/scientist/college student at UP)

What Science is to Me

Science, a tool invented by man
Cocoa beans, hot cocoa, chocolate
Brings more meaning to my everyday
Wheat, grain, flour, dough, pasta, spaghetti

Hey look, those guys have some chemistry
Bloo Berry; Bloo Cheese; Moe, Larry & Shemp
A combination so new, Darlin’
Mary Kate & Ashley; Chip & Dale; Drake & Josh

Time saver, life saver, our solution
Alarm clock, seatbelt, Biogesic
Science takes me to my destination
Car, boat, airplane, jet, helicopter

New fields of study born to the world
Architecture, Medicine, Physics
Pass it on to your mates, be a friend
Making science work for you today

THE PASSIONATE SHEPHERD TO HIS LOVE

Mapa sa World History

A - Spain
B - France
C - Italy
D - Turkey
E - Lebanon
F - Greece
G - Saudi Arabia
H -India
I - Pacific Ocean
J -Atlantic Ocean
K - Indian Ocean
L - Mexico
M/N - Guatemala/Yucatan Peninsula
O - Iraq
P = Egypt
Q - Iran
R - Peru

Purple is the color for royalty XDDD

Fleur Delis - represents the royal house of the country where SPCP was originated XDD

Trigonometry comes from the terms 'Treis' meaning Triangle; 'Gonia' meaning Angle; 'Metron' meaning Measure.

Enjoy :D Study hard biSIXuals! XDD Last day na ng exams bkas XDDD please magbayad na yung mga Whis people :D

Chemistry 1st Qtr July 23-24

HOW ELECTRONS BEHAVE >:D

Nature of light

Christian Huygen (1629-1695)
-stated that light, like sound, is a wave motion

***

His idea met many opposite

***

> Sir Isaac Newton (1647-1727)
- one of the GIANTS in science who opposed the idea [lyt doz nut trabel n wabe mosyon >:( ]
- formulated his own particle theory of light

Isaac's Theory of Light :3
Light is a very small particle which travels in straight lines.
(Newtonian Theory of the Nature of Light)

> Maxwell (1864)
- predicted that an alternating current in a circuit would radiate energy in the form of ELECTROMAGNETIC waves travelling through vacuum at the speed of light

> Heinrich Hertz
- did a demo thru an experiment 'the electromagnetic nature of light' to confirm Maxwell's interpretation

Classical Idea:
I. light is a WAVE

nature of light

II. Quantum Nature of Light

Max Planck (1858-1947)
- radiation energy is not continuous
- occurs in PACKETS or PIECES

PACKETS - Quanta
PIECES - Quanta

Quanta Hypothesis:
- thought light was a particle

Photon - quantum of electromagnetic radiation

( the higher the energy the shorter the wave :D)

Albert Einstein
- applied the photon model of light to explain the PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
- won the Nobel Prize for PHYSICS

DUALISM in Nature
behaviour of Light
1. Wave
2. Particle
each can explain one set of phenomena but is in compatible w/ the other set.

Louis de Broglie (1892-1987)
- proposed a dualistic nature of light to explain its behaviour
- to there is a relationship between frequency & energy of photons w/ the wave nature of radiations
- correlate the motion of each particle to a certain wave characterizes its wave properties
- won him a Nobel Prize

BOHR
- combined Rutherford's nuclear atom, Planck's quantum nature, Maxwell's wave model & Newton's Lay of motion
- formed 4 postulates

Postulates:
1. A hydrogen atom consists of a nucleus containing a proton & an electron
2. Only certain orbits are permitted
3. Energy of the e- in a given orbit is fined. As long as the electron stays in that orbit, it neither absorbs nor radiates energy. (stationary state/ground)
4. Electron may move from one stationary state to another (excited state x 3) to do so, it must absorb or emit a quantity of energy

Energy Levels in an Atom
Bohr proposed the energy levels based from the idea of Bohr who proposed that the movement of e- is analogous to the planets orbiting around the sun.
- orbits-> energy level

MAIN ENERGY LEVEL/SHELL
-> the orbits where the e-'s are located
n= 1,2,3,4,etc...
-> compared to a building, the nucleus being the basement and the high levels are the different shells :D
-> each level being greater than the previous

SUBSHELL/SUBLEVEL (s,p,d,f)
-> although a number of e-s may be found in the same main energy level, they may be found in different sublevels

Main Energy Level 1 is found in Subshell type 1s
MEL = 2 : ST = 2s,2p
MEL = 3 : ST = 3s, 3p, 3d
MEL = 4 : ST = 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

ENERGY LEVELS IN AN ATOM
# of sublevels = assigned nos. for the main energy level


ORBITALS
-> region around the nucleus in which e-s will most likely be found
- rooms for electrons
- 1 orbital can only accommodate a max. number of 2 electrons

max. # of e-'s that can = 2n^2
occupy a level/shell
h=main energy level

How many electrons can occupy the 9th Main energy level?
2n^2 = 2(9)^2 = 2(81) = 162 electrons can occupy the 9th Main energy level
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


JULY 24

PICTURING THE ELECTRON
- ground state configuration
(How electrons arrange/themselves in atoms)

WAY TO DESCRIBE THE ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION :D
1. Orbital Energy Diagram (OED)
2. Orbital Diagram Notation (ODN)
3. Electron Configuration (EC)
4. Nobel Gas Abbreviation
5. Shell Configuration

~~~~~****~~~~~
1. OED
-uses boxes and arrows and breaks down each subshell into individual ORBITALS and ENERGY

3 PRINCIPLES in filling up the ORBITALS

* Aufbau Principle*
- electrons are added one at a time starting at the orbital w/ the LOWEST energy (1s)

*Pauli's Exclusion Principle
- an orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons...

The up arrow represents the direction: clockwise; the down arrow is counter clockwise.

*Hund's Rule of Multiplicity
- electrons entering a sublevel containing more than one orbital will be spread out with their spins in the SAME direction so that electrons are distributed singly before they are paired.

Practice :)
show the orbital energy of diagram of F(z=9)

~~~~~****~~~~~
2. ODN
- uses boxes & arrows and breaks down each subshell into ORBITALS
- similar to OED except that the direction of increasing energy is from left to right

ex.
show the orbital diagram of NA (z=11)

Practice
He (z=2)

P(z=15)

O(z=8)

Cl(z=17)

N (z=7)

F(z=9)

S(z=16)

Rb(z=37)

~~~~~****~~~~~
3. EC
- uses letters and nos. & denotes only the TOTAL nos. of electrons in each subshell

2p^3

2 - principle energy level
p - represents the sublevel
3 - total nos. of electrons in sublevel

ex. Write the electron configuration of Na (z=11)
White the full EC of each of the ff:
He(z=2)

S(z=16)

P(z=15)

N(z=7)

O(z=8)

Cl(z=17)

~~~~~****~~~~~

Cr (z=24)
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^4

4s^2 -> 4s^1
3d^4 -> 3d^5

Cu (z=29)
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^9

4s^2 -> 4s^1
3d^9 -> 3d^10

REASON
STABILITY:
Filled Orbital > Half-filled Orbital > Partially filled Orbital

Types of Electrons
1. Valence electrons (v.e.)
- e-'s in the outermost principal energy level/shell
- ones involved in the chemical reactions

2. CORe elctrons (c. e.)
- e-'s that don't participate in chemical reactions

Noble Gas Abbreviation
- shortcut way of writing....

World History June 23, 2008 1st Qtr

OTHER NEAR EASTERN PEOPLE

Hittites
> Indo-Europeans from Anatolia (rich in iron)
> conquered Babylon but didn't destroy it

1185 BC - destroyed by the Sea People
Information: Capital at Hattusas (Hittite City)

Misconceptions:
>Superiority due to Indo-European descend
> Monopoly of Iron

Kassites
> Non-semitic people who occupied Babylon
> Integreation into Babylonian culture

Assyrians -> hilly
> Semites (Assur) - never threatened by salinization -N. Tigris

Tiglath Pileser I fear & fright (Nineveh)

Tiglath Pileser III - conquest (loot, stole the loot)
>transformed army
>religious & military ideology (Ashur)
>centralized administration
>popular participation
>terror to evoke fear

* Asur - god - N. Tigris
Hills
Assyrians -> disunited (civil war)-> capital (unified) in Nineveh

Sannacherib - library @ Nineveh, aqueducts 200s, destroyed Babylon - crazy zoos

Hittites
Why'd Babylon fall to Hittites?
1. Salinization
2. Weak Alliances
3. New War Tech

Esarhaddon - rebuilt Babylon
Fall: (612 BC) Chaldean & Medes Alliances
Assurbanipal Chaldean -> New Babylonians -> built CAPITAL at Babylon

Nebuchadnezzar (fearful) (605-562 BC) - destroyed Jerusalem (Babylonian Exile) 586 BC
-> Tower of Babel (dedicated to God: Marduk/Elil), Hanging Gardens
539 BC - Cyrus of Persia -> Astrology (movement)

Hebrew

Abraham (worshipped El) from Mesopotamia (1900 BC)-> Canaan (1500 BC)Middle Kingdom -> Egypt -> Moses (Ramses II)
Joshua - Judges - Kings
> N: Israel (Samaria): 722 BC Assyrians
> S: Judah (Jerusalem): 586 BC Babylon
539 BC - Cyrus (Persian)
520-516 - Temple
332 BC - Alexander the Great
186 BC - Maccabean revolt
63 BC - Roman Occupation
70 - AD - Destruction of the Temple/Diaspora
-> Judaism
-> Deutoronomic Code
-> Literature (Old Testament)
-> Polytheism
-> Monolatry (Transcendental Theology)
-> Prophetic Revolution
-> Post - Exile/Eschatology

Abraham
- leader of the tribe in Mesopotamia
- moved from UR to Canaan
- loyal top god: EL
- has other children (insignificant)

Haggar/Haggai - helper/katulong ni Abraham
Their child: Ishmael (fathered by Abraham) - came fromt he Arabic people
Haggar and Ishmael were exiled to roam the desert

Sarah
- Abraham's wife
- (God: you will conceive a child) Isaac

IsaacxRebeccaxRachel
Sons of Isaac: Esau, Jacob

Jacob = Israel, inherited the birth right of Isaac

Jacob's song: Joseph

Moses
- freedom
- led people to the Exodus
- Sinai
- 10 commandments

#####################################################################################

Judges -> wise men
> prepared people for war
> led Israelites to Canaanites (occupied Philistines)

Samuel
-> one of the judges (Saul, who committed suicide)
-> designated the 1st King of Israel
-> designated David as 2nd King

El = Yahweh

Unified Kingdom
N. Israel - sent to Lebanon

Solomon
.wisest man of all.
.compromised w/ other kingdoms.
.many wives.
."Jerusalem" - capital (no rish resources)
.divided the kingdom - when he died

N & S kingdoms

North Kingdom - Israel
Capital: Samarian:
- intermarried other people
- impure-> Assyrians

South Kingdom - Judah
Capital: Jerusalem
- conquered by Babylonians
(Nebuchadnezzer) -> Babylonian exile/captivity

*************************************************************************************
Temple - destroyed by Babylonians
Alexander the Great conquered everything

Maccabean Revolt
-> Epiphanes Antiochus
- desicrated the temple
people = angry :D
(disrespected Judas Maccabas)

Romans = Roman Occupation
Legacies of Hebrew people
> Religion = Judaism
-> 1st among the monotheistic religions

Judaism - El = Yahweh (only god)
- transcendental
- god didn't operate w/ the nature
- Prophetic Revolution
* many prophets
- speaks in behalf of somebody/ god
....
live good lives
-> Eschatology
. started to believe in a Messiah = Savior Jesus

Phoenicians (Lebanon people)
- traders - Seamen -> port city: Carthage
- "sharers & carriers of Civilization
1) Cedar (wood)
vast forests
2) Export of glass
3) Export of purple dye

Cities of Phoenicians: -Tyre, Sidon

-Alphabet :D

Lydians (coins)
- adaptation of the coin
Rich as Croessus (man of many coins)
coin - made of precious metal

Persians (Iran)
- occupied parts of Mesopotamia
3 prominent leaders:
1) Cyrus
- conquered Babylonians
- built an empire that covers the near east up to Egypt

2) Darius
- extended it to India
- didn't occupy Greece

3) Xerxes
- didn't occupy Greece (he too big :)

Capital:
Persepolis
- where he governed the vast empire
- diplomatic

We owe them:
1) efficient administration
- deviced several methods
- postal system (Royal Road)
- 20 provinces - each w/ governor by the audited 'ears' & 'eyes'

Standards (common units) - weight, measurement, language
-> official Aramaic - language of Jesus Christ

2) religion: Zoroastrianism
prophet: Zoro Aster
god: Ahura Mazda (god of Light) vs. Ahriman (God of Darkness)
-> Holy Book: Zend - Avesta
- live ethical good lives

Physical Education III July 14, 2008 1st Qtr

BASIC RULES OF VOLLEYBALL
1) All games should be played in two out three sets or three out of five sets
2) There are six active players inside the court
3) The team may decided to have/enlist a libero in their entry form the Libero should have uniform different from the players

A. The LIBERO is restricted to perform as a backplayer (1,6,5) and has no right at all to complete an attack hit when the ball is above the height of the top of the net

4) Rally point scoring system - when one receiving team winning a rally scores a point when the receiving team wins a rally, the team has the right to serve and its players rotate one position clockwise.
5) Playing formula - a set (except the deciding 5th set) is won by the team which first scored 25 points with a minimum lead of 2 points. In the case of a 24-24 tie, play is continued until a 2 point lead is achieved. The 5th set is still played to 15 points.
6) During set 1-4, there are 2 'technical-timeouts' per set, each lasting 90 seconds. They are applied automatically when the leading team first reaches 8 points and 16 points.
7) The server must hit the ball within 8 seconds after the 1st referee whistles.
8) For misconduct behavior - the opponent scored 1 point and takes the right to serve

Yellow card - warning
Red card - expulsion
Yellow & Red cards - disqualification

9) A team is allowed to hit the ball three (3) times only and a player is not allowed to hit the ball twice consecutively

OFFICIALS of the GAME
1) First Referee (standing on a referee's stand)
> has authority over all officials
> directs the match from the start until the end
> His decisions are final
> performs the coin toss with team captains
> has the right to sanction misconducts & delays

2) Second Referee/Umpire (Standing at the post on the opposite side and facing the 1st referee)
> should the 1st referee unable to continue his work, he may replace him
> he controls the number of time-out & substitutions
> He takes charge of the penetration into the opponent's court under the net (crossing the centerline)

3) Scorer (seated on the scorer's table)
> He keeps the official score sheet and cooperates with 2nd referee
> He records the numbers and names of the players, score, time-outs, substitutions, sanctions, warnings, & penalties

4) Linesmen (they stand at the corners of the court from the service area)
> they control the endlines and the sidelines
> they signal the ball 'IN' and 'OUT'

BASIC SKILLS
> overhead
> underhead serve
> forearm serve
> set
> jump set
> dig pass
> spike
> block

Christian Living III July 17, 2008 1st Qtr

Eucharist & the Basic Prayers

Sacred Scriptures
Isaiah 29:13

Prayer - must be accompanied by the spirit of service, justice, and concern for the welfare of others.

What are the Basic Christian Prayers?
> Apostle's Creed
> Lord's Prayer
> Hail Mary
> Glory be

Where do you think these prayers came from?
BIBLE

What are the 2 kinds of prayer?
1 Spontaneous
2 Formula

1 Formula Prayer
> rooted in the Sacred Scriptures and the Tradition of the Church
> contains the basic doctrines of our faith

Church Teaching: CFC 1480
"Authentic prayer is always rooted in the heart, and related to the neighbor in loving compassion & service


The Eucharist is the highest form of prayer and worship to God.

FULL CONSCIOUS ACTIVE PARTICIPATION


Basic Elements of a Shared Meal
1. Coming Together
2. dialog
3. Sharing of food & drink

2 Spontaneous
> We use our own words
> comes from our heat
> it expresses freely what we want to say
> Pattern
A - adoration
C - contrition
T - thanksgiving
S - supplication
O - offering

Established Parts of the Mass
> Introductory Rite
> Liturgy of the Word
> Liturgy of the Eucharist
> Communion Rite
> Concluding Rite

VESSELS

CHALICE
- most sacred of all vessels
- the cup which holds the wine for consecration
- after consecration, it contains the precious BLOOD of JESUS

CIBORIUM
- used to hold the small hosts distributed for the communion of the faithful
- resembles the chalice, except it has cover

PATEN
- small plate on which the host is laid. It is made to fit the chalice

CRUETS (water & wine)
- are the vessels from which the acolyte pours water & wine into the chalice held by the celebrant

INCENSE (+incense boat)
- a perfume burned on certain occasions, as at high Mass and benediction
- symbol of prayer

MONSTRANCE or OSTENSORIUM
- the larger metal container used for exposition and benediction of the blessed Sacrament

MISSAL
- contains prayer, ceremonies

PYX
- container of big HOST

LINEN

CORPORAL
- the square of fine linen w/ a small cross worked int he center

PALL
- a small square piece of linen starched stiff, used to cover the chalice

PURIFICATOR
- an oblong piece of linen, folded thrice, placed over the chalice
- wipe the inside of the CHALICE before putting in the wine and after the ABLUTION; he also wipes his mouth with it after the ablution

VESTMENTS (stole, white, green, purple, red, black)

STOLE
- long silk band that fits around the neck and crossed on the breast of the priest

CHUSABLE
- upper most vestment worn by the celebrant at mass

AMICE
- a piece of white linen cloth within covers the priest's shoulders

ALB
- a white linen tunic which envelopes the priest's whole body

CINCTURE
- the chord that fastens the alb at the waist

MANIPLE
- a short narrow strip of cloth which hangs from the left arm


LITURGICAL COLORS

WHITE
- worn during Christmastide and Easter time, on the feasts of our Lord and the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Angels and Confessors

GREEN
- throughout the year,from the 14th January till the ever of Septuagesima Sunday, from Monday after Trinity Sunday till the eve of the 1st Sunday of Advent

RED
- used at Pentecost in commemoration of the descent of the Holy, in the form of tongues of fire
- used on the feasts of the Apostles and Martyrs, feasts commemorating the Passion of our Lord and the sacred relics
PURPLE
- worn during Advent and Lent, as well as on Rogation Days, on Ember months except those on Pentecost octave and on the 4 vigils of the feasts of the Assumption, St. John the Baptist, St. Pete and Paul and St. Lawrence

=====================================================================================

MAJOR PARTS of the MASS

INTRODUCTORY RITE
> entrance/ song anticipation
> greeting
> penitential rite
> kyrie, gloria
Opening Prayer

LITURGY OF THE WORD
> Readings
- 1st reading => Ordinary Time
- 2nd reading => New Time
- Gospel => Gospel (4)
> Responsorial Psalm
- allows us to use the words of scripture to respond to God's word to us
> Gospel Acclamation
> Homily
-living explanation of the world
- should be like a 'mini-skirt', short enough to be interesting, but long enough to cover the substance.
> Intercession (Prayers of the Faithful)
sequence: for the needs of the CHURCH, PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, and SALVATION of the WORLD, OPPRESSED by any NEED and LOCAL COMMUNITY

LITURGY of the EUCHARIST
> Preparation of GIFTS
> Prayer over the gifts
> Eucharistic Prayer
- Narrative of the Institution
- Anamnesis (memorial)
- Oblation (offertory)
- Communion Epiclesis
- Intercession
- Doxology
> Thanksgiving (Sanctus)
Consecratory Epiclesis
-> invocation for the HS

COMMUNION RITES
1. Our Father - a prayer for forgiveness

2. Rite of Peace

3. Breaking of thr Bread
a. Breaking of the Bread
b. Agnus Dei - an invocation to Christ
c. Commingling - dropping of a small particle form the bread to the chalice

4. Communion Prayer
a. Prayer before communion, showing of the host
b. Communion Prayer
c. Post - Communion Prayer

5. Concluding Rites
a. blessing
b. Solemn Dismissal
Missa - mass, other interpretation 'to send', 'to dismiss'

Purposes of the Mass
. adore God
. thank God
. ask for God's blessings
. ask God's pardon for our sins

World History July 8, 2008 1st Qtr

STUMPER GAME, EGYPT
1. What continent is Egypt found in? AFRICA.
2. In the West of Egypt, you will find the SAHARA DESERT.
3. The river that runs through Egypt is the River NILE.
4. The source of the river Nile is LAKE VICTORIA of the country, UGANDA.
5. The King of Egypt is the PHAROAH.
6. The legendary king to unify the upper and lower Egypt is MENES.
7. The first pharoah to order construction of pyramids is ZOSER/DJOSER/SOSER.
8. The last King of Egypt, and fell to the Romans is CLEOPATRA.
9. To whom is dedicated the greatest pyramid of all is KHUFU.
10.Are there only 20 pyramids in Egypt? Yes or No? NO
11.The Old Kingdom is the TIME OF PYRAMIDS
12.During the Old Kingdom; only the pharoah is mummified. Yes or No? YES
13.East is to Life, the land of the dead is WEST.
14.Who are the foreign rulers of Egypt? HYKSOS
15.First powerful female pharoah is Hatshepsut
16.Heretic pharoah who tried to change the religion of Egyptians is AKHENATION and his god ATON.
17.Who is the young pharoah who replaced Akhenation is TUTANKHAMEN.
18.Who discovered his tomb? HOWARD CARTER
19.The Egyptian way of writing is HIEROGLYPHICS
20.Plant where paper comes from is reed.
21.Name of endearment to Egypt is GIFT of the NILE
22.Prime minister of Great Britain is GORDON BROWN
23.President of France is President NICOLAS SARKOZY
24.Eight members countries of the G8:
USA, UK, GERMANY, FRANCE, ITALY, JAPAN, CANADA, ITALY
25. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was elected president of Indonesia on September 20, 2004.

EGYPT - protected by the bodies of water and the Sahara desert
GEOGRAPHY:
AFRICA
EGYPT "GIFT OF THE NILE" (black silt)
N - Mediterranean Sea
E - Red Sea
W - Sahara Desert (Red Land) land of the dead
NILE 4000 km
Lake Victoria(Uganda), Blue Nile(Ethiopia), White Nile(Uganda)-3 sources of the NILE
Upper Egypt (S)- water passes through it first think strip of land
Lower Egypt (N)- fan shaped delta (paa ng chicken)

Ancient Season of Egypt
Akdet - Flooding - Inundation
Peret - Growth
Shemis- Drought (Harvest)

Chemistry July 8, 2008 1st Qtr

SIGNIFICANT NUMBER in CALCULATIONS
> A calculated answer can't be more precise than the measuring tool
> A calculated answer must watch at least precise measurement
> SF - needed for final answers from:
1. Adding/Subtracting
2. Multiplying/Dividing

EXACT NUMBERS in CALCULATION
1000 meters in a kilometre
60 seconds in a minutes

These numbers are examples of exact numbers. These are definite, not measurements. A definite has infinite numbers of significant digits & will NOT affect the significant digits in the final answer.

ADDING & SUBTRACTING
The answer has the same decimal paces as the measurements with the fewer/fewest decimal places.

25.2 (has 1 decimal place) + 1.34 (has 2 decimal places)= 26.54
answer: 26.5 (1 decimal place)


Try it Yourself!
246.213 ml + 79.91 ml + 8786.268 ml= 9112.391 ml
answer: 9112.39 ml

Multiplying & Dividing
When 2 measurements are multiplied (or divided), the answers should contain as many significant digits as the less precise measurements (lower number of significant figures)
eg. 3.06*1.4=4.3 (COPY the LEAST # of significant figures) in this case it's 1.4, which has 2 significant figures

Try it Yourself!
9000*8576=77,184,000
answer: 8*10^7

Rounding Off Numbers
> when the question asks you to estimate
> an answer is different to obtain

Scientific Notation
> way of expressing really big or small numbers
> often used in 'scientific' calculations where the analysis must be very precise

2 parts:
N * 10^x
x - integer, positive (+) or negative (-)
N - Mantissa >=1 & <10

To change standard form to scientific Notation
->
e.g. 5,673,098
5.673098*10^6

Exponent is + -> greater than 1
- -> less than 1

e.g. 289,800,000
2.898*10^9

e.g. 0.000567
5.67*10^-4

To change SN -> SF
e.g. 0.0059*10^5
590
+ -> move to the right
- -> move to the left

Geometry July 7, 2008 1st Qtr

Other Theorems & Postulates

Distance Postulate
> to every pair of different points there corresponds a unique positive real number.

definition of Distance Postulate:
the distance between two points is the number given by the Distance Postulate. If the points are P & Q, then the distance is denoted as PQ/QP.

The Ruler Postulate
The point of a line can be placed in correspondence with the real numbers such that:

1) to every point of the line there corresponds exactly one real number.
2) to every real number there corresponds exactly one point of the line, and
3) there distance between any two points is the absolute value of the difference of the corresponding real number

definition of Ruler Postulate:
any real number corresponding to a given point is called the coordinate of a point. The one-to-one correspondence between the points of a line and the set/real numbers is called a coordinate system.

Ruler Placement Postulate
given two points P & Q of a line, the coordinate system can be chosen such that the coordinate of P is zero & the coordinate of Q is positive. (assigning points)

Segment Construction Postulate
Let RD be a ray, & let X be a positive number. Then there is exactly one point P of RD such that RP=X
====================================================================

CONVEX SETS

> a set of convex if for any two points in A & B in it, the whole segment AB is also entirely in it. (should always be shaded)

Line Separation Postulate
> a point separates a line into two half lines, each of which is a convex set

Plane Separation Postulate
> a line separates a plane into two half-planes each of which is a convex set

Space Separation Postulate
> a plane separates space into two half-spaces each of which is a convex set

Angles & Angles Measurements

Angle
> union of two non collinear rays with a common endpoint

Angle Measurement Postulate
> to every angle there corresponds a unique positive real number between 0-180. This number is the degree measure of the angle

Angle Construction Postulate
> let H be half plane edge, AB. There is exactly one ray AC with B in H such that angle CAB has a given measure between 0-180.

DEFINITIONS:
Congruent Angles
> measures are equal

Angle Bisector
> ray bisects an angle if it divides the angle into two congruent parts

Angle Bisector Postulate
> every angle has exactly one bisector

Angle Addition Postulate
> if P is the interior of angle MAN, then m angle MAN=m angle PAM+m angle PAN

DEFINITIONS:
> two lines are perpendicular lines if they intersect to form right angles
> a line, ray, segment, or plane is the perpendicular bisector of a segment if it is perpendicular to the segment at its midpoint

English III 1st Qtr July 3, 2008

Kind of Adjectives

1. Possessive Adjectives
its, their, her, his, your, my, our

2. Descriptive (Qualitative)
color, shape, size, texture, physical attributes

3. Quantitative - numbers

three pens - Numerical

several friends - Indefinite

this house - Demonstrative

which bag - Interrogative

4. Determiners (the, an, a)

Geometry 1st Qtr July 3, 2008

BASIC GEOMETRY
The Basic Postulate

Postulate #1 Midpoint Postulate
"every segment has exactly one midpoint"

Postulate #2 Points Postulate
A line contains infinite points

Postulate #3 Lines Postulate
For every two points there is exactly one line that contains both points

Postulate #4 Plane Postulate
Any 3 points lie in at least one plane
Any 3 non collinear points lie in exactly one plane

Postulate #5 Space Postulate
A space contains at least 4 non collinear points

Postulate #6 Flat Plane Postulate
If two points of a line lie in a plane, then the line lies in the same plane

Postulate #7 Plane Intersection Postulate
If two different planes intersect then their intersection is a line

Postulate #8 Distance Postulate
To every pair of different points there corresponds a unique positive real number

Definition:
The distance between two points is the number given by the Distance Postulate. If the points are P and Q, then the distance is demoted as PQ or QP

Postulate #9 The Ruler Postulate
The points of a line can be placed in correspondence with the real numbers such that to every...
> point of the line there corresponds exactly one real number
> number there corresponds exactly one point of the line; and the distance between any two points is the absolute value of the difference of the corresponding real number.
-> Any real number corresponding to a given point is called the coordinate of a point. The one to one correspondence between the point of a line and the set or real numbers is called a coordinate system

Postulate #10 The Ruler Placement Postulate
Given two points P and Q of a line, the coordinate system can be chosen such that the coordinate of P is zero and the coordinate of Q is positive

Postulate #11 Segment Construction Postulate
Let a RD be a ray, and let x be a positive number then there's exactly one point P of RP such that RP=x.

THEOREMS

2.1 Theorem Line Intersection Theorem
If two different lines intersect, their intersection contains only one point

2.2 Line-Plane Intersection Theorem
If a line intersects a plane not containing it, then the intersection contains only one point.

2.3 Point-Line Plane Theorem
Given a line and a point not on the line there is exactly one plane containing both

2.4 Intersecting Lines Planes Theorem
Given two intersecting lines, there is exactly one plane containing both

Chemistry July 3, 2008 1st Qtr

Scientific Measurement

Scientific figures in measurement
*The numbers reported in a measurement are limited by the measuring tool
*Significant figures in a measurement include the known digits plus one estimated digit

Counting Significant Figures
38.15 cm -- 4
5-6 ft -- 2
All non zero digits in a measured number are significant

Heading Zeroes
0.008m -- 1
0.015607-- 8
Leading zeroes in decimal numbers are not significant

Sandwiched zeroes
50.8 mm -- 3
2001 minutes -- 4
Zeroes between non zero numbers are significant

Trailing zeroes without decimal
25,000 in -- 2
200 yr -- 1
Trailing zeroes in numbers without decimals are not significant if they are serving as place holders

Trailing zeroes with decimal
34.000 in -- 5
201.00 in -- 5
Trailing zeroes in numbers with decimals are significant

Significant numbers in calculations
-A calculated answer can't be more precise than the measuring tool

World History June 24, 2008 1st Qtr

Mesopotamia Civilization

cradle of Civilization - Iraq - Mesopotamia

Robert Braidwood:
> ample rain
> wild ancestors of domesticated flock
> edible plants

Importance of Settling
>aggricultural revolution
> need to have permanent settlements
> food sources shifted, scarcity of food
> child rearing
> Hassuna: houses, pots, aesthetic achievement

Mesopotamia 'between rivers'
Tigris - stronger current
Euphrates

- lands near the twin rivers are fertile-

> fish, water fowl
> swamps, marshes
> weather: summer (hot because it's a desert), winter (strong stormy south wind), spring (flooded)

Ubaidians
> 1st inhabitants of Mesopotamia
> farmers, builders
> intermarrying of nomads of Semitic nomads of Syrian Desert and Arabian Peninsula
> offspring are Sumerians

Ubaidians x Semitic Nomads = Sumerians

STATE	KING
kish -> Erech	ETANA -> Dumuzi, Gilgamesh
Elamites (nomads)
Adab	Lugallannemmundu
INTERMEDIATE - break, division, distortion
Lagash	Eannatum
Umma	Lugalzaggesi ->
	Sargon of Kish, Akkadia Era

COMPUTER III 1st Qtr July 1, 2008

TC Program
> DOS (Disk Operating System) Base Program

PROMPT
-> directory
-> program files, accessories

[A, C, D, E, F]
> File Allocation Drive

Turbo C - symbols

Visual Basic - words

====================================================================
====================================================================
~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~*

" A good programmer is a good planner"
=> knows how to organize

PROGRAM => the instruction, output, presentation

PROGRAMMING => process

3 WAYS IN CREATING A PROGRAM

Algorithm - logical procedure ( logical)
Pseudocode - outline form (textual)
Flowchart - graphical representation, graphical of algorithm (Data Flow Diagram, Blueprint of the Program)

Fundamentals of Programming
(Data Handling in Programming)

DATA TYPES:
Type of Information
> numeric (integer, float/double)
> alphanumeric data (number, character, string)
> date & time (day, month, year, hour, etc.)
> logical data (true, false)

NUMERIC
> numbers, whole, real

integer - whole numbers

float & double - numbers with fractional parts

ALPHANUMERIC
> numbers, alphabets, special characters

Number - numbers that can't be used in operations

Character - a single variable

String - combination of variables

DATE & TIME
> holds the day, month, year (date), hour, minute, and second (time)

LOGICAL DATA
2 values : TRUE (any value), FALSE (zero 0)

VARIABLE
> name chosen to represent an item/value
e.g. x = :P

CONSTANT
> never changes. DEFINITE
e.g. x = 5, formula, pi=3.1416
> identifiers

OPERATORS
> symbols that indicate the operation to be performed on the data

-> Arithmetic -> Relational -> Logical
UPEMDAS

U - Unary (+/-)
P - parenthesis
E - exponents (^ is caret)
M - multiplication
D - divide
A - addition
S - subtraction

- comparing 2 values
!=, <>

- determine if a condition is satisfied

AND - BOTH = TRUE
OR - 1/BOTH = TRUE
NOT - TRUE = FALSE, NOT - FALSE = TRUE


====================================================================
====================================================================
~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~*

INTRODUCTION TO VISUAL BASIC

categories of programming language

-> MACHINE LANGUAGE
natural language of the computer that generally consists of strings of numbers
(binary numbers -> 1,0 & bits)

-> ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
programming language which uses mnemonic codes or abbreviations (a+b)

-> MIDDLE LEVEL LANGUAGE
uses instructions that are expressed in a slightly more readable form (getch, printf, scanf)

-> HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
uses English-like words/human-readable language (%-mod)

TRANSLATORS

> COMPILER
translates the whole program into machine language before executing the program, regardless of the syntax error (e.g. TC)

>INTERPRETER
translates a program, line by line into machine language and stops once an error has been encountered (e.g. VB)

Visual Basic
> high-level program language
> interpreter
> creates applications for WINDOWS
> introduces windows-based programming

VB Structure
> Programming in VB is done in a graphical environment
> Contains tools for testing and creating VB programs (Integrated Development Environment)
> event-driven Programming Language
> an operation is executed as the result of some kind of event
>Object - oriented
> application programs are created using different objects (pro-choice)
>Well-defined structure
>utilizes a form module to create objects (no form, no interface)

A VB Programming Object has:

-Properties
> characteristics of an object
Methods
> functions of an object that can be manipulated
Controls
> objects that can be placed on a form

Technology and Home Economics III 1st Qtr June 18, 2008

-generation of idea that result in the improved efficiency or effectiveness of a system

efficiency - system - organized - speed
effectiveness - result - output

Who is an entrepreneur?
> entrepreneur() n. A person who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk for a business venture (www.answers.com)
> originates from the French word, "entreprendre"which means "to undertake"

In a business contest, it means to start a business (www.quickmba.com)

Creativity

Creativity Process
> If someone/some people are born creative and talents, can creativity be developed?
Creativity can be developed in a person and improved in those who already have it. The Creative Process:
> it can be developed in many ways
> creative process do not always occur in the same order for every creative activity

PHASE I: BACKGROUND/KNOWLEDGE ACCUMULATION
PHASE II: INCUBATION PROCESS
PHASE III: THE IDEA EXPERIENCE
PHASE IV: EVALUATION & IMPLEMENTATION

PHASE I: BACKGROUND
> Prof. Reading and groups, discussion
> seminars and traveling
> files and references
> jotting notes
> curiosity

PHASE II: INCUBATION
> Allow the subconscious mind to work (sleep/do mindless activities/think of problems before sleeping)

PHASE III: IDEA PROCESS
> Bright Ideas - pops after incubation
> mistakes as only component of creativity
> Ideas - spring into minds - doing unrelated activities
> Daydream, hobbies, jotting notes, work breaks

PHASE IV: EVALUATION & IMPLEMENTATION
> Phase where successful entrepreneurs identify ideas that are practical, feasible and workable
>Requires great deal
discipline, courage, determination, perseverance, and confidence

The INNOVATIVE PROCESS

Sources of Innovation
Innovation and Entrepreneurial Activities

What is innovation?

It means by which the entrepreneur either creates new wealth-producing resources or endows existing resources with enhanced potential for creating wealth.


1. Invention
2. Extension
3. Duplication
4. Synthesis


1. Invention
> New products, services, or processes are created
> Novel or untried

e.g. airplanes - Wright Brothers; light bulb - Thomas Edison; Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell

2. Extension
> existing products, services, or processes are expanded
> a different application of current idea is tried

e.g. Ray Kroc - Mc Donald's, Nolan Bushnell - Atari, Kemmons Wilson - Holiday Inn

3. Duplication
> existing products and services are replicated
> own touch is added to improve/enhance the product

e.g. Lucy Goldstar- Personal Computer, Jollibee - fast food, Likha Papaya - whitening soap, Kalde-Kaldero, Kawakawali, aawitan Kita-Filipino restaurant

4. Synthesis
> existing concepts and factors are combined into a new formulation
> gathering of existing ideas/items
> finding ways to make them from a new use/application

e.g. shopwise * 3-1 printer * casio-wrist watches

Sources of Innovation
Make use of innovations to exploit rather than create change following are external and internal areas that serves as sources of innovation:

1. Unexpected occurrences
> unanticipated/unplanned
> success/failure
> prove to be major surprise

2. Incongruities
> results happen when there's a gap between expectation and reality

3. Process Needs
> demands innovation & answers particular need

e.g. manufacture health product, food, convenience, time-savers

3. Industry & Marketing Changes
> consumer attitudes, advancement in technology, industrial growth
> develop that cause consistent shifts in the market

e.g. Industrial sewing machines - RTW

5. Demographic Changes
> result of changes in population, age, education, geographic location, etc.

e.g. influx of trendy fads is caused by an increasing teenage population like cellular phones & personal computer

6. Changes in perception
> people's interpretation of facts and concepts
> intangible and meaningful

e.g. fitness craze, flawless skin, white skin

7. Knowledge
> based concepts
> invention
> inventions - products of new thinking, new methods and new knowledge
> longest time - initiation and market implementation
> testing & modification to ensure success

Geometry June 25, 2008 1st Qtr

Undefined Terms

> no formal definition
> described or represented
> dealt with through their properties which are taken up as postulates

1) Point
> no dimension
> represented by a dot
> named by a capital letter

2) Line
> set of points extending infinitely in both directions
> length but no width or thickness
> arrowheads
> named using 2 points at each end or a small letter at one end or in the middle

Types of Lines:
2.1) Line Segment
> set of points in between 2 points
> named by endpoints
2.2) Ray
> one endpoint and extends indefinitely in one direction
> named by two points
2.3) Opposite Rays
> 2 rays with a common endpoint contained on the same line going in opposite directions
2.4) Half Lines
> union of all points of a line on one side of a point excluding the point

3) Plane
> infinite length and width but no thickness
> flat surface
> represented by 4-sided figures
> named by 3 non collinear points or capital letter on the corner

POSTULATES
>assumed to be true
> statements accepted with proof

THEOREMS
> statements that can be
proven using preceding terms, definitions, postulates, and possibly previously proven theorems

SPACE: Set of all Points

Congruent Segments:
> same length

Collinear
> same line

Non collinear
> not same line

Coplanar
> same plane
>within the plane

Non coplanar
> not same plane
> outside the plane

MIDPOINT
Divide a segment into 2 congruent parts

BETWEENESS

H-E-Y --> HE+EY=HY

BISECTOR
> midpoint of a segment; line, half line, ray, segment, plane passing through the midpoint

Trigonometry 1st Qtr June 23, 2008

Angle Measurement
standard method of measurement and conversion

1. Revolution System
> depend on rotation on the axis
> old method
2. Sexagesimal System
> the basic unit is degree ( 1 degree)
3. Radian System
> radium
> radius of a circle
> unit less number

CONVERSION
> degree to radian, the conversion factor is pi/180.
> radian to degree, the conversion factor is 180/pi.

i.e.
1. express 3pi/5 to degree = 3pi/5 * 180/pi = 108 degrees

2. express 255 degrees to radian = 255 degrees * pi/180 = 51pi/36 = 17pi/12

FRACTIONAL DEGREE
1. DD (Decimal Degree)
2. DMS (Degree, Minutes, Seconds)

CONVERSION FACTOR
1 degree = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds

FBI
(Fabulous Basic Information)
What is a triangle?
> 3 sided polygon that have 3 interior angles
> the sum of the interior angles is always 180 degrees
> used CAPITAL letter for vertices, small letters for legs

Classifications of triangles:
> Acute triangles can be scalene and equilateral, but not an isoceles.
> Obtuse triangles can be scalene and isoceles, but not equilateral.
> Right triangles can be scalene and isoceles, but not equilateral.

Isoceles - 2 sides equal
Scalene - no equal sides
Equilateral - all 3 sides equal

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO

SOH sin X = opposite/hypotenuse sine function

CAH cos X = adjacent/hypotenuse cosine function

TOA tan X = opposite/adjacent tangent function

To determine the hypotenuse
> longest leg
> opposite of the 90 degree vertex

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS of a RIGHT TRIANGLE
sine (sin) -> cosecant (csc)
cosine (cos) -> secant (sec)
tangent (tan) -> cotangent (cot)

QUOTIENT IDENTITY
tan = identical to sin/cos

PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
> sum of the square of the legs is equal to the square of the longest side, the hypotenuse

Chemistry June 25, 2008 1st Qtr

Accuracy
> place value of the smallest line represent in the calibration

Sensitivity
> place value after accuracy

Uncertainty in Measurement
Making Measurements
> certain/exact digits and one uncertain digit

Reading Calibrations
> lines/numbers on your measuring device

Metric Calibration
> easiest to use and understand
> pattern after the METRIC system of measurements
> because the segments are divided into 10.

Find the accuracy and sensitivity of the following measurements:

14.3 mg
accuracy = ones
sensitivity = tenths

29.0
accuracy = ones
sensitivity = tenths

1 ml
accuracy = ones
sensitivity = tenths

0.185
accuracy = hundredths
sensitivity = thousandths

CHEMISTRY and MEASUREMENT
> measuring, calculating characteristics of materials : quantitative

Reading Calibrations
measuring devices
> refers to lines and numbers

Metric Calibration
> each segment is divided into ten equal parts
> metric system of measurements
(multiples of ten)

Chemistry June 25, 2008 1st Qtr

Filipino Chemists:

1. Francisco Quisumbing
> invented Quink, a trademark ink, which is used in Parker pens.

2. Julian Banzon
> research on methods on alternative and cheap fuel from sugarcane

3. Pinky Tobiano
> owner of Qualibet testing services, which is food and water testing facility

4. Alfredo Santos
> has won many awards because of his study on medicinal plants and natural plants

5. Dr. Raquel Fortum
> 1st Filipino Chemist
> 'Mother of Forensic Pathology'

Physical Education III 1st Qtr June 30, 2008

Physical Fitness
> capacity of each individual to accomplish daily task with alertness and vigor

Health Related Fitness

> factors that affect your health and well-being

BODY COMPOSITION
> ratio of fat to lean body mass

FLEXIBILITY
> range of movement of the joints and muscles

CARDIO-VASCULAR ENDURANCE
> heart and lungs to function efficiently without breaking

MUSCULAR ENDURANCE
> capacity of muscular

MUSCULAR STRENGTH
> mount of force exerted by a muscle/group of muscles

SKILL RELATED FITNESS

SPEED

> ability to move as fast as possible

EACTION TIME
> amount of time it take to respond

BALANCE
> ability to stand still

AGILITY
> ability to change direction quickly

POWER
>ability to perform an action with strength and speed

COORDINATION
> sequence of movements accurately and rhythmically

====================================================================
====================================================================

VOLLEY BALL

> inventor of volley ball: William G. Morgan - YMCA physical education director
> YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association)
> invented in the year 1895
> Holyoke, Massachusetts

tennis * handball * basketball = volleyball

Volley ball was first known as 'Mintonette'

At first...
> students of Mr. William G. Morgan asked him to create a game that has less physical contact unlike basket ball for the older students
> he used the tennis net and raised it 2-6 ft. high
> instead of the racket, players used their bare hands
> for the ball, a basket ball was used but found it too heavy
> then they used the bladder of the basket ball, but found it too slow

Alfred T. Halstead - gave the name 'Volley Ball' to Mintonette

Volley Ball Time line

1900 - The Spalding brothers designed a special ball for volley ball

1910 - Elwood Brown, YMCA director in Manila, introduced the game to the Philippines

1916 - set and spike developed in the Philippines

1947 - FIVB (Federation Internationale de Volley Ball) was found in Paris

1964 - Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan

Court

> 9 X 18, W x L
> centerline
> attack area
> attack line
> side line
> end line
> service area

Players = 6 players per team
1 - right back
5 - left back
6 - middle center
2 - right front
3 - middle front setter
4 - left front

NET

For women : 2.24 m is the height of the net for women
For men: 2.43 m is the height of the net for men

BALL
260 - 280 grams is the weight of the ball
65 - 67 cm is the circumference of the ball

Christian Living III 1st Qtr June 30, 2008

St. Paul
- humble
- God-fearing
- preacher
- martyr
- converted Christian
- Saul
- determined
- saint

Sacred Scriptures
Acts 9:1-22
-Tarsus, free city the metropolis of the Roman province of Cilicia (Acts 22:3)

SAUL
-zealous Jewish young man

Journey of St. Paul
> Ananais - regained St. Paul's vision
> Baptized St. Paul

Church Teaching CFC 1789

CONVERSION
> whole like-long process
> moving toward closer union with Christ
> moves us among from sinful ways and habits
> change of heart
> metanoia
> change of lifestyle
> transformation

'As a life-long call to repentance and turning back to God, conversion is a constant theme throughout the Bible.'


RoCoCoGalEphPhilColTheTheTimTimTit(PhilHeb)

The 12 letters, also called Epistles, which are ascribed to the apostle Paul, are included in the Holy Scriptures in the New Testament.

RC2GEPCT5

Christian Living III 1st Qtr June 28, 2008

Items Used in Mass

(WHITE RED LINED CATHOLIC BENEDICTION HUMERAL VEIL)

Benediction Veil

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(a modern Cope, the bishop of Bruges)

Cope (KOPE)

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(Seminarian vested in a pleated surplice with lace inserts, holding a thurible.)

Surplice (SIR-plis)

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(An Anglican priest wearing a single-breasted cassock.)

Cassock (KASS-uhk)

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(Ornately embroidered dalmatic)

Dalmatic (dahl-MAT-ik)

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~



Chasuble (CHAZ-uh-buhl)

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(NEW DEACON STOLE - MINISTER CHASUBLE VESTMENT CHURCH COLORS IN STOCK - WHITE, RED, PURPLE, AND GREEN)
Stole

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(10ftLONG ALB ROPE CINCTURE CORD Catholic Priest Vestmet)

Cincture (SINGK-sure)

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(Church Vestment, Older Style White Alb )

Alb

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(Celtic Trinity Cross Embroidery Altar Linen Purificator)

Purificator

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(Pope John Paul II vested in the pallium)

Pall (PAHL)

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(Economical, disposable communion cups fit standard trays. Clarity of real glass with no breakage. Similar in style to regular crystal glasses. 1 3/8" high. )

Communion Cups

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(decanter on table fireplace in backround)

Decanter or Flagon (FLAG-un)

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

( Silver Baroque Ciborium, Church of St. Pter, Ayerbe, 18th century)

Ciborium (si-BORE-ee-um)

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(cross, patent, bread, chalice left to right)

Paten (PAT-en)

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(Medieval Chalice)

Chalice (CHAL-is)

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(Sacramentary of St. Gerome)

Sacramentary

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

[ Page from the 11th century "Bamberg Apocalypse", Gospel lectionary. Large decorated initial "C". Text from Matthew 1:18-21 (Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, MS A. II. 42).]

Lectionary

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

(big hymnal that was in the Christianity section of the room with all the info on different religions)


Hymnal/Missalette

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

( The Book of Kells, c. 800, showing the lavishly decorated text that opens the Gospel of John.)

Book of the Gospel

~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~**~

Physical Education June 28, 2008 1st Qtr

History of volleyball

Origin of volleyball

On February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (USA), William G. Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a new game called Mintonette as a pastime to be played preferably indoors and by any number of players. The game took some of its characteristics from tennis and handball. Another indoor sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometers) away in the city of Springfield, Massachusetts only four years before. Mintonette (as volleyball was then known) was designed to be an indoor sport less rough than basketball for older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a bit of athletic effort.

The first rules, written down by William G. Morgan, called for a net 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 meters) high, a 25 × 50 foot (7.6 × 15.2 meter) court, and any number of players. A match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents’ court. In case of a serving error, a second try was allowed. Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point or a side-out)—except in the case of the first-try serve.

After an observer, Alfred Halstead, noticed the volleying nature of the game at its first exhibition match in 1896, played at the Springfield YMCA, the game quickly became known as volleyball (it was originally spelled as two words: "volley ball"). Volleyball rules were slightly modified by the Springfield YMCA and the game spread around the country to other YMCA locations.^[3][4]

Refinements and later developments

The first official ball used in volleyball is disputed; some sources say that Spalding created the first official ball in 1896, while others claim it was created in 1900.^[5][6][7] The rules have evolved over time; by 1916, the skill and power of the set and spike had been introduced, and four years later a "three hits" rule and back row hitting guidelines were established. In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points. In 1919, about 16,000 volleyballs were distributed by the American Expeditionary Forces to their troops and allies, which sparked the growth of volleyball in new countries.^[5]

The first country outside the United States to adopt volleyball was Canada in 1900.^[5] An international federation, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), was founded in 1947, and the first World Championships were held in 1949 for men and 1952 for women.^[8] The sport is now popular in Brazil, in Europe (where especially Italy, the Netherlands and countries from Eastern Europe have been major forces since the late 1980s), in Russia, and in other countries including China and the rest of Asia, as well in as the United States. ^[8][4][3]

Beach volleyball, a variation of the game played on sand and with only two players per team, became a FIVB-endorsed variation in 1987 and was added to the Olympic program at the 1996 Summer Olympics.^[5][8]

Volleyball in the Olympics

The history of Olympic volleyball can be traced back to the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, where volleyball was played as part of an American sports demonstration event.^[9] After the foundation of FIVB and some continental confederations, it began to be considered for official inclusion. In 1957, a special tournament was held at the 53rd IOC session in Sofia, Bulgaria to support such request. The competition was a success, and the sport was officially included in the program for the 1964 Summer Olympics.^[5]

The Olympic volleyball tournament was originally a simple competition, whose format paralleled the one still employed in the World Cup: all teams played against each other team and then were ranked by wins, set average, and point average. One disadvantage of this round-robin system is that medal winners could be determined before the end of the games, making the audience lose interest in the outcome of the remaining matches. To cope with this situation, the competition was split into two phases with the addition of a "final round" elimination tournament consisting of quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals matches in 1972. The number of teams involved in the Olympic tournament has grown steadily since 1964. Since 1996, both men's and women's events count twelve participant nations. Each of the five continental volleyball confederations has at least one affiliated national federation involved in the Olympic Games.

The U.S.S.R. won men's gold in both 1964 and 1968. After taking bronze in 1964 and silver in 1968, Japan finally won the gold for men's volleyball in 1972. Women's gold went to Japan in 1964 and again in 1976. That year, the introduction of a new offensive skill, the backrow attack, allowed Poland to win the men's competition over the Soviets in a very tight five-set match. Since the strongest teams in men's volleyball at the time belonged to the Eastern Bloc, the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics did not have as great an effect on these events as it had on the women's. The U.S.S.R. collected their third Olympic Gold Medal in men's volleyball with a 3-1 victory over Bulgaria (the Soviet women won that year as well, their third gold as well). With the U.S.S.R. boycotting the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, the U.S. was able to sweep Brazil in the finals for the men's gold medal. Italy won its first medal (bronze in the men's competition) in 1984, foreshadowing a rise in prominence for their volleyball teams.

At the 1988 Games, Karch Kiraly and Steve Timmons led the U.S. men's team to a second straight gold medal. In 1992, underrated Brazil upset favourites C.I.S., Netherlands, and Italy in the men's competition for the country's first Olympic gold medal. Runner-up Netherlands, men's silver medalist in 1992, came back under team leaders Ron Zwerver and Olof van der Meulen in the 1996 Games for a five-set win over Italy. A men's bronze medalist in 1996, Serbia and Montenegro (playing in 1996 and 2000 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) beat Russia in the gold medal match in 2000. In 2004, Brazil won its second men's volleyball gold medal beating Italy in the finals.

Rules of the game

Volleyball court

The court

The game is played on a volleyball court 18 meters long and 9 meters wide, divided into two 9 x 9 meter halves by a one-meter wide net placed so that the top of the net is 2.43 meters above the center of the court for men's competition, and 2.24 meters for women's competition (these heights are varied for veterans and junior competitions).

There is a line 3 meters from and parallel to the net in each team court which is considered the "attack line". This "3 meter" (or 10 foot) line divides the court into "back row" and "front row" areas. These are in turn divided into 3 areas each: these are numbered as follows, starting from area "1", which is the position of the serving player:

After a team gains the serve (also known as siding out), its members must rotate in a clockwise direction, with the player previously in area "2" moving to area "1" and so on, with the player from area "1" moving to area "6" (see also the Errors and faults section).

The team courts are surrounded by an area called the free zone which is a minimum of 3 meters wide and which the players may enter and play within after the service of the ball.^[10] All lines denoting the boundaries of the team court and the attack zone are drawn or painted within the dimensions of the area and are therefore a part of the court or zone. If a ball comes in contact with the line, the ball is considered to be "in". An antenna is placed on each side of the net perpendicular to the sideline and is a vertical extension of the side boundary of the court. A ball passing over the net must pass completely between the antennae (or their theoretical extensions to the ceiling) without contacting them.

The ball

Main article: Volleyball (ball)

The volleyball is made of leather or synthetic leather and inflated with compressed air. According to FIVB regulations:

· Its circumference is 65-67 cm and its weight is 260-280 g.

· Its inside pressure shall be 0.30 to 0.325 kg/cm2 (4.26 to 4.61 psi) (294.3 to 318.82 mbar or hPa).^[11]

Game play

Each team consists of six players. To get play started, a team is chosen to serve by coin toss. A player from the serving team (the server) throws the ball into the air and attempts to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team's court (the serve). The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three contacts with the volleyball to return the ball to the opponent's side of the net. These contacts usually consist first of the bump or pass so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards the player designated as the setter; second of the set (usually an over-hand pass using wrists to push finger-tips at the ball) by the setter so that the ball's trajectory is aimed towards a spot where one of the players designated as an attacker can hit it, and third by the attacker who spikes (jumping, raising one arm above the head and hitting the ball so it will move quickly down to the ground on the opponent's court) to return the ball over the net. The team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball as described is said to be on offense.

The team on defense attempts to prevent the attacker from directing the ball into their court: players at the net jump and reach above the top (and if possible, across the plane) of the net in order to block the attacked ball. If the ball is hit around, above, or through the block, the defensive players arranged in the rest of the court attempt to control the ball with a dig (usually a fore-arm pass of a hard-driven ball). After a successful dig, the team transitions to offense.

The game continues in this manner, rallying back and forth, until the ball touches the court within the boundaries or until an error is made.

Errors and faults

• The ball lands out of the court, in the same court as the team that touched it last, under the net to the opposing team's court, or the ball touches the net "antennas." The ball also may not pass over or outside the antennas even if it lands in the opponents' court.¹
• The ball is touched more than three times before being returned to the other team's court.²
• The same player touches the ball twice in succession.³
• A player "lifts" or "carries" the ball (the ball remains in contact with the player's body for too long).
• A player touches the net with any part of his or her body or clothing while making a play on the ball (with the exception of the hair).
• The players of one team do not manage to touch the ball before the ball lands in their half of the court.
• A back-row player spikes the ball while it is completely above the top of the net, unless he or she jumped from behind the attack line (the player is, however, allowed to land in front of the attack line).
• A back-row player participates in a completed block of the opposing team's attack (completed means at least one blocker touched the ball).
• The libero, a defensive player who can only play in the back row, attempts a block or makes an "attacking hit", defined as any shot struck while the ball is entirely above the top of the net.
• A player completes an attack hit from higher than the top of the net when the ball is coming from an overhand finger pass (set) by a libero in the front zone.
• A player is not in the correct position at the moment of serve, or serves out of turn. This type of foul is related to the position currently occupied by the players (see the table in the Equipment section). When ball is served, players can place themselves freely on the field (e.g. a "back-row" player can be close to the net) so long as they obey the following rules: The area "1" player must be behind the area "2" player and to the right of the area "6" player. The area "6" player must be behind area "3" player, to the left of area "1" player and to the right of area "5". The area "5" player must be behind the area "4" player and to the left of the area "6" player. Symmetric rules must be respected by the front-row players (those in areas "2", "3" and "4").
• When hitting, a player makes contact with the ball in the space above the opponent's court (in blocking an attack hit, this is allowed).
• A player touches the opponent's court with any part of his or her body except the feet or hands.⁴
• When serving, a player steps on the court or the end line before making contact with the ball.
• A player takes more than 8 seconds to serve.^[12]

• At the moment of serve, one or more players jump, raise their arms or stand together at the net in an attempt to block the sight of the ball from the opponent (screening).⁵
• A player blocks the serve or attacks the serve when the ball is in the front zone and above the top of the net.

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