Pawns to Pieces

Sometimes we don’t see the stuff we already have. I’d like see the world with clearer glasses. Well you get what I mean, I’m no bespectacled wonder.

I finally found my missing piece. My missing chess piece, basically it’s a pawn which isn’t considered a piece until it reaches the 5th rank. It’s on its way to become a Queen, a Knight, a Bishop, or a Rook.

Dear Lord, I totally went loco when I had that draw with that guy. I had a rook and a king. Dude, how could I forget how to mate with a rook and a king? HOW IS THAT POSSIBLE?! Dederz is teh meh. And his buddy mated me when I was pawn up. BAH! GAH! BAGAH SIYA! Nakakainis >_<

Hehe, I won 300 php in the raffle though.  Hehe, and met Doktora or however you spell her name.

“I’d like to see Doctora Doktora.”

“…Eh?”

Wouldn’t that be a joke if she really turned out to be a doctor in the future.

Just today I have discovered another word in place of the eight-letter word which is a combo of with and out. Say hello to ‘sans’. Yes, sans. As in, I can so do this sans you.

“Sans you?”

“Yes, sans you.”

Ang awkward pakinggan, no?

Well, haha, someone teach me how to bike. The first time I tried revealed that I don’t trust my father as much as I thought I did. Maybe it was because of how easily he’d get agitated when he sees a mistake. Well, what bother me most was how uncomfortable the seat was.
I’ll give myself an A for effort and we had pineapple pie after the informal lessons.
I still don’t know how to balance though. Or Judy’s oh-so encouraging words: “You’re foot’s too slow.”

Gee, thanks.

Don’t stop kicking. Lean with the bike.
Eheheh, are you serious? You expect me to lean with this cold thing? It doesn’t even have a heart. Lol, discrimination? You’re just stalling. Quit it.

Haha, I think people learn better when they like the teacher. Considering as how terrified I was when I would hear my father shout into my ear.

“Eheh, thank you for the support and pointers?
Would you mind if you didn’t yell into my ear. I need that for chorale next year.”

I know it’s bad to publicly announce how pikon a person can get. So I won’t mention names. Ang pikon lang talaga niya.

I don’t think she can blame anyone for her negative emotions…

Gee, I feel sick just talking about her.

~Yeah, I’ll be almost done covering my reviewers for review class this April.
GARSH, I so forgot to inform the chorale folks that I can’t make it to the Mads Et Al Chorale Festival on May 12th; I gots review classes on the practice days.

Chess is enough for me I can say. But I’d like to be in the first row this coming school year. I’d really like that. I won’t be eating anyone’s hair or anything.

Good Night Philippines! I hope I wake up to a tomorrow.

POINTS

LIBERALLY EDUCATED MAN
PROS CONS
• Useful in any field
• Good with handling people from all fields
• When a certain field doesn’t need his man power, he can easily switch to another where he is needed
• People will always need liberally educated men
• Adapts with ease
• More opportunities and expansion of borders
• Makes man well-rounded • Unfamiliar with the jargons of fields rendering useless in certain case
•
If there are more specialized men than liberally educated men;
SPECIALIZED MAN
PROS CONS
• Useful and effective in own field • Unfamiliar with other fields
• Hard to adapt with different atmosphere
• For example, the hospital got bankrupt all the people in the world knew how to take
• care of themselves; the people who specialize in the field of Medicine will be left
• unemployed

CHEMISTRY III 4TH QUARTER Topic: Oxidation-Reduction Reaction RedOx

How does electron transfer occur?

Applicable to IONIC COMPOUNDS

Oxidation-Reduction Reaction (RedOx)
examples: photosynthesis, rusting of iron, bleaching, burning

- transfer of electrons reaction
- produces electricity [ELECTROCHEMISTRY] (electricity is produced because of the electron transfer)

If you dip the metal cylinder connecting the bulb of the light bulb to a mixture of water(H2O) and salt (NaCl; the light bulb produce light.

RedOx Reaction -> a loss and gain of electrons

Reduction -> removal of O2 (Oxygen gas)
example: 2 (Fe2 O3) -> O2 + 2 Fe [2:1:2]

Oxidation -> reaction with O2 (oxygen gas)
example: 2 (H2) + O2 -> 2(H2O) [2:1:2]

Reduction & Oxidation [RedOx] are complimentary processes.

Terminology:
1)Oxidation ~ loss of electrons ~ the charge becomes more positive
2)Reduction ~ gain of electrons ~ the charge becomes more negative
3)Oxidizing Agent ~ electron acceptor ~ the substance that is reduced
4)Reducing Agent ~ electron giver ~ the substance that is oxidized

LEO (Losing Electrons is Oxidation) says GER (Gaining Electrons is Reduction)

Oxidation Numbers/Oxidation State:
METAL (+)
HALOGENS (-)

Au Cl
using the (RCC) Reverse Criss Cross Method (which is only applicable to IONIC Compounds)

1. Write Subscripts
Au (1+) Cl (1-)

After undergoing RCC
the Oxidation State of Au (GOLD)= +1
written as : O.S. Au = + 1

the Oxidation State of Cl (CHLORINE)= -1
written as : O.S. Cl = - 1

(Au is the symbol for GOLD which is a Metal)
(Cl is the symbol for CHLORINE which is a Halogen)

Anther Method which works for ALL COMPOUNDS is the ALGEBRA METHOD

Rules in Oxidation Numbers/Oxidation State:
1. The Oxidation State (O.S.) for a monoatomic ion is equal to the ionic charge.

2. The O.S. of Hydrogen or a compound is always +1, except in metal hydrides such as NaH ; where it is -1.

The formation of binary compounds by hydrogen with other elements, are called hydrides. Hydrogen combines with most of the metals and non-metals (except noble gases).

3. The O.S. of an atom in uncombined form is ZERO (0).

4. The O.S. of oxygen in a compound is -2 except in peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide H2O2 where it is -1.

A peroxide is a compound containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond. The simplest stable peroxide is hydrogen peroxide

5. For any neutral compound, the sum of the O.S. of all the atoms must be equal to ZERO (0). (without charge)

6. For a polyatomic ion, the sum of the O.S. must be equal to the charge of the ion.

7. In compounds, the O.S. of many elements corresponds to the element's position in the Periodic Table.

a. GROUP 1A elements, O.S. = +1
b. GROUP 2A elements, O.S. = +2
c. ALUMINUM, 0.S. = +3
d. HALOGENS, O.S. = -1

RECALL:
1. NaF
O.S. Na = +1
O.S. F = -1

2. N2
O.S. N = 0

3. HI
O.S. H = +1
O.S. I = -1

4. NH4 Cl (Ammonium Chloride)
O.S. Cl = -1
O.S. H = +1
O.S. N = ?

O.S. N + [+1*4] + [-1*1] = 0
O.S. N + 4 - 1 = 0
O.S. N + 3 = 0

O.S. N = -3

5. H2 PO4-
There is a charge in this example, so instead of equating the sum to ZERO (0); equate it to the charge which -1 in this compound.

O.S. H = +1
O.S. O = -2
O.S. P = ?

O.S. P + (+1*2) + (-2*4) = -1
O.S. P + 2 - 8 = -1
O.S. P - 6 = -1

O.S. P = 5

Sample Problem 1

What is oxidized and what is reduced in this reaction? Identify the reducing agent and oxidizing agent.

2Na (s) + Cl2 (g) ==> 2NaCl

Na (SODIUM) belongs to GROUP 1A so,
O.S. Na = +1

Cl (Chlorine) belongs to Halogens so,
O.S. Cl = -1

Oxidation means losing electrons; basing the solution on LEDS (Lewis Electron Dot Structure):


We see here that the single sodium electron transfers to the seven (7) electrons of chlorine (satisfying the octet rule).
Na (SODIUM) loses a valence electron. Cl (CHLORINE) gains a valence electron.

The number of valence electrons is the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom's structure.

The oxidized element is Sodium (Na) and the reduced element is Chlorine (Cl).
The oxidizing agent is Chlorine (Cl) while the reducing agent is Sodium (Na).

BEOWULF VERSUS DRAGON SCRIPT by Quincy Payot

JANUARY 2, 2008 3:35 AM

CHARACTERS:
1. KATIE

2. CHARLIE

3. CYNTHIA

4. MONA

5. LEXEE


props: PILLOWS, SLUMBER PARTY ATTIRE, COOKIES, BEVERAGES (H20), CUPS, DRAGON, SLUMBER PARTY BANNER, BLANKETS, STUFFED TOYS, CELLPHONES,POPCORN, BOWL, MAKE UP, FISH BOWL, RAMDOM PIECES OF PAPER, SCRUNCHIES, COMBS, BRUSHES, MAGAZINES, NAIL POLISH



EVERYBODY: WELCOME TO THE SLUMBER PARTY!



Katie: I'm Katie!



Lexee: I'm Lexee!



Mona: I'm Mona!



Cynthia: I'm Cynthia!

(DING DONG)



Mona: Do you hear that bell, Cynthia?



Cynthia: I sure do, Mona!



EVERYBODY: Do you know what that means?!



Lexee: It's time to talk about cute boys?



Katie: No, Lexeekins. It's time for



EVERYBODY: PICK-A-TOPIC-TOPIC-TIME!



Mona: This used to be my fishbowl.



Cynthia: Where's the fish?



Mona: It doesn't matter you silly goose!



Katie: Quit the spaz talk! Let's pick a topic already!

(Drum roll)



[Lexee picks a piece of paper from the stack in the bowl]

Lexee: BEOWULF VERSUS DRAGON?!



Cynthia: Like, O-M-G! That was our school play last year and their Beowulf was so hot!



Mona: Hmm, I only got to the Beowulf versus Grendel's Mother part.



Katie: What's a Beowulf?



Lexee: Does it involve dogs? Because I love dogs!



Cynthia: No! No! No! I'll tell the story; of course, since our topic's BEOWULF versus DRAGON. I'll start there. Beowulf is old already after some years. Then some peasant thief stole a gold cup from an unnamed dragon. The dragon totally went nuts and terrorized Beowulf's kingdom. Too bad, Beowulf's army fled the battle field like chickens running for their lives escaping a free dinner at KFC. But luckily, a handsome Swedish boy named Wiglaf came to help Beowulf. (Starry eyes)



Lexee: Cynthia, you okay? (tries to get her back by snapping)



Cynthia: Oh! Yeah, Beowulf dies from battle booboos along with the Dragon. The end!



Katie: Ooh! Ooh! I know there’s also a movie version, right!?



Cynthia: That’s right, Katie!



Lexee: AH! That Beowulf! L-O-L! I so watched the movie with Fred when we first kissed! (giggles) I wanna tell this part! (raises hand frantically)



Mona: (incoming cellphone text) Look! Look! It’s Cara! She says hello to everybody! We should invite her in our next slumber party! Even though I think she’s kind of a nerd.



Lexee: Mona! (lightly punches her shoulder) Okay, as I was saying



Katie: I hear something, girls. [Everybody is startled]

[Somebody bangs on the door]



Cynthia: Oh, someone’s at the door.

[Lights flicker on and off]



Mona: Katie, I’m scared!

[Dragon noises, then girls scream]

(Everybody goes into a group hug)



Katie: I’m too pretty and ultra popular to die!



Cynthia: I’m still looking for my true love’s kiss!



Mona: Lexee! I’ve always had a teeny-weeny crush on you!



Lexee: Really?! WHY DIDN’T YOU SAY EARLIER?!

(A dragon barges in the room, lights flicker, dragon roar)

[girls scream]

Lexee: [stops screaming, fixes light, stands in front of the dragon waiting]

[Fading dragon roars turns into a bad dragon roar imitation]

CHARLIE! Have you nothing better to do when my friends are here?

Charlie: Hehe, I never knew you played the dragon last year.



Lexee: Give me that! Okay, enough interruptions! I’ll start the story. After a sip of water gals!



Charlie: A toast to girlhood! (Raises cup)



Everybody: A toast to girlhood! (Raises cups and drinks up)



Lexee: Babes, anyway keep in mind in the movie. Grendel’s mother doesn’t die and he promised Beowulf if he gives her a son, she will give hunkalicious Beowulf power and fortune. And as long as she has the golden dragon in her safe keeping, she won’t terrorize the kingdom.



Mona: So, like, Beowulf and Momma Monster did it?



Katie, Cynthia, Charlie: EW!

[Treats Charlie as one of the group]



Cynthia: What was that again? Grendel’s mom doesn’t die.



Katie: She promised Beowulf power and fortune if he gives her a son.



Mona: And as long as the golden dragon horn is with Momma Monster, she will leave his kingdom in peace.

Lexee: Oooh! You guys were listening! Everybody gets a cookie!

[brings out plate of cookies, everyone except Lexee grabs one]

Okay, Beowulf’s old already and they were going to have a party so everybody’s like hailing Beowulf. Then king Beowulf’s advisor, Unferth, gave the king back his gold dragon horn which his servant stole.

Cynthia: So like, instead of a cup; it’s a horn?



Lexee: Yuhuh! Beowulf was furious when he saw the horn not with Momma Monster.

Charlie: A.k.a. Angelina Jolie, she was all gold and smexy in the movie!



Lexee: Nicely said Charlie, not! Anyway, that night a dragon vomiting balls of fire killed Unferth’s family leaving a message-



Charlie: THE SINS OF THE FATHERS! THE SINS OF THE FATHERS!



Lexee: (lightly bonks Charlie on the head) Thank you for interrupting!



Charlie: Any time



Lexee: Then Beowulf had a dream of a gold man threatening to kill his queen, Wealtheow. Then the following day, Wiglaf rode with Beowulf to Momma Monster’s lair where he returned the dragon horn.



Katie: Why does Beowulf always go alone in his adventures? He thinks he’s so macho but he’s really putting his life in more danger and a step closer to Satan’s welcome party.



Mona: Yeah, tell me about it.



Lexee: Then Momma Monster says it’s too late then the dragon jumps out of no where attacking Beowulf and Wiglaf as it targeted Queen Wealtheow. So Beowulf needed to kill the dragon,



Cynthia: And he remembered King Hrothgar who totally committed suicide after bringing back Grendel’s big ugly head. That the only way to kill a dragon is by stabbing the area under the throat; that’s where the dragon builds up fire.



Charlie: He’s so suicidal.

Lexee: Going back to the lovely Lexee, Beowulf single-handedly kills the dragon and they both land on the sea shore. Then the dragon totally morphs into the totally hunky gold guy in Beowulf’s dream.



Katie: Since Momma Monster and the gold guy are both gold, are they mother and son?



Lexee: Very good! You catch on quick, Katie! Yeah, Beowulf dies then the last scene, Wiglaf is caught with the gold dragon horn by the sea shore with the hot Momma Monster.



Mona: I so hope he doesn’t make the same mistake again. That would be so uncool if he fell for that devilish seductress.



(Lexee and Mona do eye contact)

- optional

Cynthia: Dudettes! Get a room!



Charlie: Yeah, I’m still here!



(Mona sticks tongue out)

Mona: Did you know that in the movie, Beowulf had a bed warmer?



Katie: I didn’t know they were high-tech back then.



Lexee: You know, a bed warmer, by the name of Ursula.



Katie: It’s not like I have anything against naming your gadgets but you know.



Lexee: Not that kind of-



Cynthia: Forget it! She’s never gonna get it!



Charlie: It’s kind of sad that none of them had any children to be their heir.



Mona: Yeah, we’re lucky to have family.



- optional

Katie: And that was

Charlie, Katie, Cynthia: THE SLUMBER PARTY!

Cynthia: Okay, okay let’s break up guys; and break up into some dancing.

(party music, everybody dances)

Poems for Chem

My New Nanny Friend

Mom and dad held a job interview
I must know “Who will be my new nanny?”
My former nannies’ ended in a skew
The last one left us, shielding her fanny

I always wondered why they left in a hurry
As I brought out my inventions from my toy chest
Rubber band shooter, amputator, ball burry
Despite that Mom told them my best asset was my zest (Maybe that’s why the kept coming)

I love target practice with my nanny
But she had reflexes of a granny (You’re too slow for me Nanny Mc Granny)
I had the right ammo, calculations
Speed, power, accuracy and patience…(Writing down results of target practice)

“Oh, Danny! Your new nanny’s here!” chirped Louise (mom)
“I’ll turn you into a man of science” (What’s this lady going to do to me?)
That was the line her lips danced to, Science
Chemistry, she’s now the Mac’ to my Cheese (She’s a ninja/scientist/college student at UP)

What Science is to Me

Science, a tool invented by man
Cocoa beans, hot cocoa, chocolate
Brings more meaning to my everyday
Wheat, grain, flour, dough, pasta, spaghetti

Hey look, those guys have some chemistry
Bloo Berry; Bloo Cheese; Moe, Larry & Shemp
A combination so new, Darlin’
Mary Kate & Ashley; Chip & Dale; Drake & Josh

Time saver, life saver, our solution
Alarm clock, seatbelt, Biogesic
Science takes me to my destination
Car, boat, airplane, jet, helicopter

New fields of study born to the world
Architecture, Medicine, Physics
Pass it on to your mates, be a friend
Making science work for you today

THE PASSIONATE SHEPHERD TO HIS LOVE

Mapa sa World History

A - Spain
B - France
C - Italy
D - Turkey
E - Lebanon
F - Greece
G - Saudi Arabia
H -India
I - Pacific Ocean
J -Atlantic Ocean
K - Indian Ocean
L - Mexico
M/N - Guatemala/Yucatan Peninsula
O - Iraq
P = Egypt
Q - Iran
R - Peru

Purple is the color for royalty XDDD

Fleur Delis - represents the royal house of the country where SPCP was originated XDD

Trigonometry comes from the terms 'Treis' meaning Triangle; 'Gonia' meaning Angle; 'Metron' meaning Measure.

Enjoy :D Study hard biSIXuals! XDD Last day na ng exams bkas XDDD please magbayad na yung mga Whis people :D

Chemistry 1st Qtr July 23-24

HOW ELECTRONS BEHAVE >:D

Nature of light

Christian Huygen (1629-1695)
-stated that light, like sound, is a wave motion

***

His idea met many opposite

***

> Sir Isaac Newton (1647-1727)
- one of the GIANTS in science who opposed the idea [lyt doz nut trabel n wabe mosyon >:( ]
- formulated his own particle theory of light

Isaac's Theory of Light :3
Light is a very small particle which travels in straight lines.
(Newtonian Theory of the Nature of Light)

> Maxwell (1864)
- predicted that an alternating current in a circuit would radiate energy in the form of ELECTROMAGNETIC waves travelling through vacuum at the speed of light

> Heinrich Hertz
- did a demo thru an experiment 'the electromagnetic nature of light' to confirm Maxwell's interpretation

Classical Idea:
I. light is a WAVE

nature of light

II. Quantum Nature of Light

Max Planck (1858-1947)
- radiation energy is not continuous
- occurs in PACKETS or PIECES

PACKETS - Quanta
PIECES - Quanta

Quanta Hypothesis:
- thought light was a particle

Photon - quantum of electromagnetic radiation

( the higher the energy the shorter the wave :D)

Albert Einstein
- applied the photon model of light to explain the PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
- won the Nobel Prize for PHYSICS

DUALISM in Nature
behaviour of Light
1. Wave
2. Particle
each can explain one set of phenomena but is in compatible w/ the other set.

Louis de Broglie (1892-1987)
- proposed a dualistic nature of light to explain its behaviour
- to there is a relationship between frequency & energy of photons w/ the wave nature of radiations
- correlate the motion of each particle to a certain wave characterizes its wave properties
- won him a Nobel Prize

BOHR
- combined Rutherford's nuclear atom, Planck's quantum nature, Maxwell's wave model & Newton's Lay of motion
- formed 4 postulates

Postulates:
1. A hydrogen atom consists of a nucleus containing a proton & an electron
2. Only certain orbits are permitted
3. Energy of the e- in a given orbit is fined. As long as the electron stays in that orbit, it neither absorbs nor radiates energy. (stationary state/ground)
4. Electron may move from one stationary state to another (excited state x 3) to do so, it must absorb or emit a quantity of energy

Energy Levels in an Atom
Bohr proposed the energy levels based from the idea of Bohr who proposed that the movement of e- is analogous to the planets orbiting around the sun.
- orbits-> energy level

MAIN ENERGY LEVEL/SHELL
-> the orbits where the e-'s are located
n= 1,2,3,4,etc...
-> compared to a building, the nucleus being the basement and the high levels are the different shells :D
-> each level being greater than the previous

SUBSHELL/SUBLEVEL (s,p,d,f)
-> although a number of e-s may be found in the same main energy level, they may be found in different sublevels

Main Energy Level 1 is found in Subshell type 1s
MEL = 2 : ST = 2s,2p
MEL = 3 : ST = 3s, 3p, 3d
MEL = 4 : ST = 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

ENERGY LEVELS IN AN ATOM
# of sublevels = assigned nos. for the main energy level


ORBITALS
-> region around the nucleus in which e-s will most likely be found
- rooms for electrons
- 1 orbital can only accommodate a max. number of 2 electrons

max. # of e-'s that can = 2n^2
occupy a level/shell
h=main energy level

How many electrons can occupy the 9th Main energy level?
2n^2 = 2(9)^2 = 2(81) = 162 electrons can occupy the 9th Main energy level
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


JULY 24

PICTURING THE ELECTRON
- ground state configuration
(How electrons arrange/themselves in atoms)

WAY TO DESCRIBE THE ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION :D
1. Orbital Energy Diagram (OED)
2. Orbital Diagram Notation (ODN)
3. Electron Configuration (EC)
4. Nobel Gas Abbreviation
5. Shell Configuration

~~~~~****~~~~~
1. OED
-uses boxes and arrows and breaks down each subshell into individual ORBITALS and ENERGY

3 PRINCIPLES in filling up the ORBITALS

* Aufbau Principle*
- electrons are added one at a time starting at the orbital w/ the LOWEST energy (1s)

*Pauli's Exclusion Principle
- an orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons...

The up arrow represents the direction: clockwise; the down arrow is counter clockwise.

*Hund's Rule of Multiplicity
- electrons entering a sublevel containing more than one orbital will be spread out with their spins in the SAME direction so that electrons are distributed singly before they are paired.

Practice :)
show the orbital energy of diagram of F(z=9)

~~~~~****~~~~~
2. ODN
- uses boxes & arrows and breaks down each subshell into ORBITALS
- similar to OED except that the direction of increasing energy is from left to right

ex.
show the orbital diagram of NA (z=11)

Practice
He (z=2)

P(z=15)

O(z=8)

Cl(z=17)

N (z=7)

F(z=9)

S(z=16)

Rb(z=37)

~~~~~****~~~~~
3. EC
- uses letters and nos. & denotes only the TOTAL nos. of electrons in each subshell

2p^3

2 - principle energy level
p - represents the sublevel
3 - total nos. of electrons in sublevel

ex. Write the electron configuration of Na (z=11)
White the full EC of each of the ff:
He(z=2)

S(z=16)

P(z=15)

N(z=7)

O(z=8)

Cl(z=17)

~~~~~****~~~~~

Cr (z=24)
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^4

4s^2 -> 4s^1
3d^4 -> 3d^5

Cu (z=29)
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^9

4s^2 -> 4s^1
3d^9 -> 3d^10

REASON
STABILITY:
Filled Orbital > Half-filled Orbital > Partially filled Orbital

Types of Electrons
1. Valence electrons (v.e.)
- e-'s in the outermost principal energy level/shell
- ones involved in the chemical reactions

2. CORe elctrons (c. e.)
- e-'s that don't participate in chemical reactions

Noble Gas Abbreviation
- shortcut way of writing....

World History June 23, 2008 1st Qtr

OTHER NEAR EASTERN PEOPLE

Hittites
> Indo-Europeans from Anatolia (rich in iron)
> conquered Babylon but didn't destroy it

1185 BC - destroyed by the Sea People
Information: Capital at Hattusas (Hittite City)

Misconceptions:
>Superiority due to Indo-European descend
> Monopoly of Iron

Kassites
> Non-semitic people who occupied Babylon
> Integreation into Babylonian culture

Assyrians -> hilly
> Semites (Assur) - never threatened by salinization -N. Tigris

Tiglath Pileser I fear & fright (Nineveh)

Tiglath Pileser III - conquest (loot, stole the loot)
>transformed army
>religious & military ideology (Ashur)
>centralized administration
>popular participation
>terror to evoke fear

* Asur - god - N. Tigris
Hills
Assyrians -> disunited (civil war)-> capital (unified) in Nineveh

Sannacherib - library @ Nineveh, aqueducts 200s, destroyed Babylon - crazy zoos

Hittites
Why'd Babylon fall to Hittites?
1. Salinization
2. Weak Alliances
3. New War Tech

Esarhaddon - rebuilt Babylon
Fall: (612 BC) Chaldean & Medes Alliances
Assurbanipal Chaldean -> New Babylonians -> built CAPITAL at Babylon

Nebuchadnezzar (fearful) (605-562 BC) - destroyed Jerusalem (Babylonian Exile) 586 BC
-> Tower of Babel (dedicated to God: Marduk/Elil), Hanging Gardens
539 BC - Cyrus of Persia -> Astrology (movement)

Hebrew

Abraham (worshipped El) from Mesopotamia (1900 BC)-> Canaan (1500 BC)Middle Kingdom -> Egypt -> Moses (Ramses II)
Joshua - Judges - Kings
> N: Israel (Samaria): 722 BC Assyrians
> S: Judah (Jerusalem): 586 BC Babylon
539 BC - Cyrus (Persian)
520-516 - Temple
332 BC - Alexander the Great
186 BC - Maccabean revolt
63 BC - Roman Occupation
70 - AD - Destruction of the Temple/Diaspora
-> Judaism
-> Deutoronomic Code
-> Literature (Old Testament)
-> Polytheism
-> Monolatry (Transcendental Theology)
-> Prophetic Revolution
-> Post - Exile/Eschatology

Abraham
- leader of the tribe in Mesopotamia
- moved from UR to Canaan
- loyal top god: EL
- has other children (insignificant)

Haggar/Haggai - helper/katulong ni Abraham
Their child: Ishmael (fathered by Abraham) - came fromt he Arabic people
Haggar and Ishmael were exiled to roam the desert

Sarah
- Abraham's wife
- (God: you will conceive a child) Isaac

IsaacxRebeccaxRachel
Sons of Isaac: Esau, Jacob

Jacob = Israel, inherited the birth right of Isaac

Jacob's song: Joseph

Moses
- freedom
- led people to the Exodus
- Sinai
- 10 commandments

#####################################################################################

Judges -> wise men
> prepared people for war
> led Israelites to Canaanites (occupied Philistines)

Samuel
-> one of the judges (Saul, who committed suicide)
-> designated the 1st King of Israel
-> designated David as 2nd King

El = Yahweh

Unified Kingdom
N. Israel - sent to Lebanon

Solomon
.wisest man of all.
.compromised w/ other kingdoms.
.many wives.
."Jerusalem" - capital (no rish resources)
.divided the kingdom - when he died

N & S kingdoms

North Kingdom - Israel
Capital: Samarian:
- intermarried other people
- impure-> Assyrians

South Kingdom - Judah
Capital: Jerusalem
- conquered by Babylonians
(Nebuchadnezzer) -> Babylonian exile/captivity

*************************************************************************************
Temple - destroyed by Babylonians
Alexander the Great conquered everything

Maccabean Revolt
-> Epiphanes Antiochus
- desicrated the temple
people = angry :D
(disrespected Judas Maccabas)

Romans = Roman Occupation
Legacies of Hebrew people
> Religion = Judaism
-> 1st among the monotheistic religions

Judaism - El = Yahweh (only god)
- transcendental
- god didn't operate w/ the nature
- Prophetic Revolution
* many prophets
- speaks in behalf of somebody/ god
....
live good lives
-> Eschatology
. started to believe in a Messiah = Savior Jesus

Phoenicians (Lebanon people)
- traders - Seamen -> port city: Carthage
- "sharers & carriers of Civilization
1) Cedar (wood)
vast forests
2) Export of glass
3) Export of purple dye

Cities of Phoenicians: -Tyre, Sidon

-Alphabet :D

Lydians (coins)
- adaptation of the coin
Rich as Croessus (man of many coins)
coin - made of precious metal

Persians (Iran)
- occupied parts of Mesopotamia
3 prominent leaders:
1) Cyrus
- conquered Babylonians
- built an empire that covers the near east up to Egypt

2) Darius
- extended it to India
- didn't occupy Greece

3) Xerxes
- didn't occupy Greece (he too big :)

Capital:
Persepolis
- where he governed the vast empire
- diplomatic

We owe them:
1) efficient administration
- deviced several methods
- postal system (Royal Road)
- 20 provinces - each w/ governor by the audited 'ears' & 'eyes'

Standards (common units) - weight, measurement, language
-> official Aramaic - language of Jesus Christ

2) religion: Zoroastrianism
prophet: Zoro Aster
god: Ahura Mazda (god of Light) vs. Ahriman (God of Darkness)
-> Holy Book: Zend - Avesta
- live ethical good lives

Physical Education III July 14, 2008 1st Qtr

BASIC RULES OF VOLLEYBALL
1) All games should be played in two out three sets or three out of five sets
2) There are six active players inside the court
3) The team may decided to have/enlist a libero in their entry form the Libero should have uniform different from the players

A. The LIBERO is restricted to perform as a backplayer (1,6,5) and has no right at all to complete an attack hit when the ball is above the height of the top of the net

4) Rally point scoring system - when one receiving team winning a rally scores a point when the receiving team wins a rally, the team has the right to serve and its players rotate one position clockwise.
5) Playing formula - a set (except the deciding 5th set) is won by the team which first scored 25 points with a minimum lead of 2 points. In the case of a 24-24 tie, play is continued until a 2 point lead is achieved. The 5th set is still played to 15 points.
6) During set 1-4, there are 2 'technical-timeouts' per set, each lasting 90 seconds. They are applied automatically when the leading team first reaches 8 points and 16 points.
7) The server must hit the ball within 8 seconds after the 1st referee whistles.
8) For misconduct behavior - the opponent scored 1 point and takes the right to serve

Yellow card - warning
Red card - expulsion
Yellow & Red cards - disqualification

9) A team is allowed to hit the ball three (3) times only and a player is not allowed to hit the ball twice consecutively

OFFICIALS of the GAME
1) First Referee (standing on a referee's stand)
> has authority over all officials
> directs the match from the start until the end
> His decisions are final
> performs the coin toss with team captains
> has the right to sanction misconducts & delays

2) Second Referee/Umpire (Standing at the post on the opposite side and facing the 1st referee)
> should the 1st referee unable to continue his work, he may replace him
> he controls the number of time-out & substitutions
> He takes charge of the penetration into the opponent's court under the net (crossing the centerline)

3) Scorer (seated on the scorer's table)
> He keeps the official score sheet and cooperates with 2nd referee
> He records the numbers and names of the players, score, time-outs, substitutions, sanctions, warnings, & penalties

4) Linesmen (they stand at the corners of the court from the service area)
> they control the endlines and the sidelines
> they signal the ball 'IN' and 'OUT'

BASIC SKILLS
> overhead
> underhead serve
> forearm serve
> set
> jump set
> dig pass
> spike
> block

Christian Living III July 17, 2008 1st Qtr

Eucharist & the Basic Prayers

Sacred Scriptures
Isaiah 29:13

Prayer - must be accompanied by the spirit of service, justice, and concern for the welfare of others.

What are the Basic Christian Prayers?
> Apostle's Creed
> Lord's Prayer
> Hail Mary
> Glory be

Where do you think these prayers came from?
BIBLE

What are the 2 kinds of prayer?
1 Spontaneous
2 Formula

1 Formula Prayer
> rooted in the Sacred Scriptures and the Tradition of the Church
> contains the basic doctrines of our faith

Church Teaching: CFC 1480
"Authentic prayer is always rooted in the heart, and related to the neighbor in loving compassion & service


The Eucharist is the highest form of prayer and worship to God.

FULL CONSCIOUS ACTIVE PARTICIPATION


Basic Elements of a Shared Meal
1. Coming Together
2. dialog
3. Sharing of food & drink

2 Spontaneous
> We use our own words
> comes from our heat
> it expresses freely what we want to say
> Pattern
A - adoration
C - contrition
T - thanksgiving
S - supplication
O - offering

Established Parts of the Mass
> Introductory Rite
> Liturgy of the Word
> Liturgy of the Eucharist
> Communion Rite
> Concluding Rite

VESSELS

CHALICE
- most sacred of all vessels
- the cup which holds the wine for consecration
- after consecration, it contains the precious BLOOD of JESUS

CIBORIUM
- used to hold the small hosts distributed for the communion of the faithful
- resembles the chalice, except it has cover

PATEN
- small plate on which the host is laid. It is made to fit the chalice

CRUETS (water & wine)
- are the vessels from which the acolyte pours water & wine into the chalice held by the celebrant

INCENSE (+incense boat)
- a perfume burned on certain occasions, as at high Mass and benediction
- symbol of prayer

MONSTRANCE or OSTENSORIUM
- the larger metal container used for exposition and benediction of the blessed Sacrament

MISSAL
- contains prayer, ceremonies

PYX
- container of big HOST

LINEN

CORPORAL
- the square of fine linen w/ a small cross worked int he center

PALL
- a small square piece of linen starched stiff, used to cover the chalice

PURIFICATOR
- an oblong piece of linen, folded thrice, placed over the chalice
- wipe the inside of the CHALICE before putting in the wine and after the ABLUTION; he also wipes his mouth with it after the ablution

VESTMENTS (stole, white, green, purple, red, black)

STOLE
- long silk band that fits around the neck and crossed on the breast of the priest

CHUSABLE
- upper most vestment worn by the celebrant at mass

AMICE
- a piece of white linen cloth within covers the priest's shoulders

ALB
- a white linen tunic which envelopes the priest's whole body

CINCTURE
- the chord that fastens the alb at the waist

MANIPLE
- a short narrow strip of cloth which hangs from the left arm


LITURGICAL COLORS

WHITE
- worn during Christmastide and Easter time, on the feasts of our Lord and the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Angels and Confessors

GREEN
- throughout the year,from the 14th January till the ever of Septuagesima Sunday, from Monday after Trinity Sunday till the eve of the 1st Sunday of Advent

RED
- used at Pentecost in commemoration of the descent of the Holy, in the form of tongues of fire
- used on the feasts of the Apostles and Martyrs, feasts commemorating the Passion of our Lord and the sacred relics
PURPLE
- worn during Advent and Lent, as well as on Rogation Days, on Ember months except those on Pentecost octave and on the 4 vigils of the feasts of the Assumption, St. John the Baptist, St. Pete and Paul and St. Lawrence

=====================================================================================

MAJOR PARTS of the MASS

INTRODUCTORY RITE
> entrance/ song anticipation
> greeting
> penitential rite
> kyrie, gloria
Opening Prayer

LITURGY OF THE WORD
> Readings
- 1st reading => Ordinary Time
- 2nd reading => New Time
- Gospel => Gospel (4)
> Responsorial Psalm
- allows us to use the words of scripture to respond to God's word to us
> Gospel Acclamation
> Homily
-living explanation of the world
- should be like a 'mini-skirt', short enough to be interesting, but long enough to cover the substance.
> Intercession (Prayers of the Faithful)
sequence: for the needs of the CHURCH, PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, and SALVATION of the WORLD, OPPRESSED by any NEED and LOCAL COMMUNITY

LITURGY of the EUCHARIST
> Preparation of GIFTS
> Prayer over the gifts
> Eucharistic Prayer
- Narrative of the Institution
- Anamnesis (memorial)
- Oblation (offertory)
- Communion Epiclesis
- Intercession
- Doxology
> Thanksgiving (Sanctus)
Consecratory Epiclesis
-> invocation for the HS

COMMUNION RITES
1. Our Father - a prayer for forgiveness

2. Rite of Peace

3. Breaking of thr Bread
a. Breaking of the Bread
b. Agnus Dei - an invocation to Christ
c. Commingling - dropping of a small particle form the bread to the chalice

4. Communion Prayer
a. Prayer before communion, showing of the host
b. Communion Prayer
c. Post - Communion Prayer

5. Concluding Rites
a. blessing
b. Solemn Dismissal
Missa - mass, other interpretation 'to send', 'to dismiss'

Purposes of the Mass
. adore God
. thank God
. ask for God's blessings
. ask God's pardon for our sins

World History July 8, 2008 1st Qtr

STUMPER GAME, EGYPT
1. What continent is Egypt found in? AFRICA.
2. In the West of Egypt, you will find the SAHARA DESERT.
3. The river that runs through Egypt is the River NILE.
4. The source of the river Nile is LAKE VICTORIA of the country, UGANDA.
5. The King of Egypt is the PHAROAH.
6. The legendary king to unify the upper and lower Egypt is MENES.
7. The first pharoah to order construction of pyramids is ZOSER/DJOSER/SOSER.
8. The last King of Egypt, and fell to the Romans is CLEOPATRA.
9. To whom is dedicated the greatest pyramid of all is KHUFU.
10.Are there only 20 pyramids in Egypt? Yes or No? NO
11.The Old Kingdom is the TIME OF PYRAMIDS
12.During the Old Kingdom; only the pharoah is mummified. Yes or No? YES
13.East is to Life, the land of the dead is WEST.
14.Who are the foreign rulers of Egypt? HYKSOS
15.First powerful female pharoah is Hatshepsut
16.Heretic pharoah who tried to change the religion of Egyptians is AKHENATION and his god ATON.
17.Who is the young pharoah who replaced Akhenation is TUTANKHAMEN.
18.Who discovered his tomb? HOWARD CARTER
19.The Egyptian way of writing is HIEROGLYPHICS
20.Plant where paper comes from is reed.
21.Name of endearment to Egypt is GIFT of the NILE
22.Prime minister of Great Britain is GORDON BROWN
23.President of France is President NICOLAS SARKOZY
24.Eight members countries of the G8:
USA, UK, GERMANY, FRANCE, ITALY, JAPAN, CANADA, ITALY
25. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was elected president of Indonesia on September 20, 2004.

EGYPT - protected by the bodies of water and the Sahara desert
GEOGRAPHY:
AFRICA
EGYPT "GIFT OF THE NILE" (black silt)
N - Mediterranean Sea
E - Red Sea
W - Sahara Desert (Red Land) land of the dead
NILE 4000 km
Lake Victoria(Uganda), Blue Nile(Ethiopia), White Nile(Uganda)-3 sources of the NILE
Upper Egypt (S)- water passes through it first think strip of land
Lower Egypt (N)- fan shaped delta (paa ng chicken)

Ancient Season of Egypt
Akdet - Flooding - Inundation
Peret - Growth
Shemis- Drought (Harvest)

Chemistry July 8, 2008 1st Qtr

SIGNIFICANT NUMBER in CALCULATIONS
> A calculated answer can't be more precise than the measuring tool
> A calculated answer must watch at least precise measurement
> SF - needed for final answers from:
1. Adding/Subtracting
2. Multiplying/Dividing

EXACT NUMBERS in CALCULATION
1000 meters in a kilometre
60 seconds in a minutes

These numbers are examples of exact numbers. These are definite, not measurements. A definite has infinite numbers of significant digits & will NOT affect the significant digits in the final answer.

ADDING & SUBTRACTING
The answer has the same decimal paces as the measurements with the fewer/fewest decimal places.

25.2 (has 1 decimal place) + 1.34 (has 2 decimal places)= 26.54
answer: 26.5 (1 decimal place)


Try it Yourself!
246.213 ml + 79.91 ml + 8786.268 ml= 9112.391 ml
answer: 9112.39 ml

Multiplying & Dividing
When 2 measurements are multiplied (or divided), the answers should contain as many significant digits as the less precise measurements (lower number of significant figures)
eg. 3.06*1.4=4.3 (COPY the LEAST # of significant figures) in this case it's 1.4, which has 2 significant figures

Try it Yourself!
9000*8576=77,184,000
answer: 8*10^7

Rounding Off Numbers
> when the question asks you to estimate
> an answer is different to obtain

Scientific Notation
> way of expressing really big or small numbers
> often used in 'scientific' calculations where the analysis must be very precise

2 parts:
N * 10^x
x - integer, positive (+) or negative (-)
N - Mantissa >=1 & <10

To change standard form to scientific Notation
->
e.g. 5,673,098
5.673098*10^6

Exponent is + -> greater than 1
- -> less than 1

e.g. 289,800,000
2.898*10^9

e.g. 0.000567
5.67*10^-4

To change SN -> SF
e.g. 0.0059*10^5
590
+ -> move to the right
- -> move to the left

Geometry July 7, 2008 1st Qtr

Other Theorems & Postulates

Distance Postulate
> to every pair of different points there corresponds a unique positive real number.

definition of Distance Postulate:
the distance between two points is the number given by the Distance Postulate. If the points are P & Q, then the distance is denoted as PQ/QP.

The Ruler Postulate
The point of a line can be placed in correspondence with the real numbers such that:

1) to every point of the line there corresponds exactly one real number.
2) to every real number there corresponds exactly one point of the line, and
3) there distance between any two points is the absolute value of the difference of the corresponding real number

definition of Ruler Postulate:
any real number corresponding to a given point is called the coordinate of a point. The one-to-one correspondence between the points of a line and the set/real numbers is called a coordinate system.

Ruler Placement Postulate
given two points P & Q of a line, the coordinate system can be chosen such that the coordinate of P is zero & the coordinate of Q is positive. (assigning points)

Segment Construction Postulate
Let RD be a ray, & let X be a positive number. Then there is exactly one point P of RD such that RP=X
====================================================================

CONVEX SETS

> a set of convex if for any two points in A & B in it, the whole segment AB is also entirely in it. (should always be shaded)

Line Separation Postulate
> a point separates a line into two half lines, each of which is a convex set

Plane Separation Postulate
> a line separates a plane into two half-planes each of which is a convex set

Space Separation Postulate
> a plane separates space into two half-spaces each of which is a convex set

Angles & Angles Measurements

Angle
> union of two non collinear rays with a common endpoint

Angle Measurement Postulate
> to every angle there corresponds a unique positive real number between 0-180. This number is the degree measure of the angle

Angle Construction Postulate
> let H be half plane edge, AB. There is exactly one ray AC with B in H such that angle CAB has a given measure between 0-180.

DEFINITIONS:
Congruent Angles
> measures are equal

Angle Bisector
> ray bisects an angle if it divides the angle into two congruent parts

Angle Bisector Postulate
> every angle has exactly one bisector

Angle Addition Postulate
> if P is the interior of angle MAN, then m angle MAN=m angle PAM+m angle PAN

DEFINITIONS:
> two lines are perpendicular lines if they intersect to form right angles
> a line, ray, segment, or plane is the perpendicular bisector of a segment if it is perpendicular to the segment at its midpoint

English III 1st Qtr July 3, 2008

Kind of Adjectives

1. Possessive Adjectives
its, their, her, his, your, my, our

2. Descriptive (Qualitative)
color, shape, size, texture, physical attributes

3. Quantitative - numbers

three pens - Numerical

several friends - Indefinite

this house - Demonstrative

which bag - Interrogative

4. Determiners (the, an, a)

Geometry 1st Qtr July 3, 2008

BASIC GEOMETRY
The Basic Postulate

Postulate #1 Midpoint Postulate
"every segment has exactly one midpoint"

Postulate #2 Points Postulate
A line contains infinite points

Postulate #3 Lines Postulate
For every two points there is exactly one line that contains both points

Postulate #4 Plane Postulate
Any 3 points lie in at least one plane
Any 3 non collinear points lie in exactly one plane

Postulate #5 Space Postulate
A space contains at least 4 non collinear points

Postulate #6 Flat Plane Postulate
If two points of a line lie in a plane, then the line lies in the same plane

Postulate #7 Plane Intersection Postulate
If two different planes intersect then their intersection is a line

Postulate #8 Distance Postulate
To every pair of different points there corresponds a unique positive real number

Definition:
The distance between two points is the number given by the Distance Postulate. If the points are P and Q, then the distance is demoted as PQ or QP

Postulate #9 The Ruler Postulate
The points of a line can be placed in correspondence with the real numbers such that to every...
> point of the line there corresponds exactly one real number
> number there corresponds exactly one point of the line; and the distance between any two points is the absolute value of the difference of the corresponding real number.
-> Any real number corresponding to a given point is called the coordinate of a point. The one to one correspondence between the point of a line and the set or real numbers is called a coordinate system

Postulate #10 The Ruler Placement Postulate
Given two points P and Q of a line, the coordinate system can be chosen such that the coordinate of P is zero and the coordinate of Q is positive

Postulate #11 Segment Construction Postulate
Let a RD be a ray, and let x be a positive number then there's exactly one point P of RP such that RP=x.

THEOREMS

2.1 Theorem Line Intersection Theorem
If two different lines intersect, their intersection contains only one point

2.2 Line-Plane Intersection Theorem
If a line intersects a plane not containing it, then the intersection contains only one point.

2.3 Point-Line Plane Theorem
Given a line and a point not on the line there is exactly one plane containing both

2.4 Intersecting Lines Planes Theorem
Given two intersecting lines, there is exactly one plane containing both

Chemistry July 3, 2008 1st Qtr

Scientific Measurement

Scientific figures in measurement
*The numbers reported in a measurement are limited by the measuring tool
*Significant figures in a measurement include the known digits plus one estimated digit

Counting Significant Figures
38.15 cm -- 4
5-6 ft -- 2
All non zero digits in a measured number are significant

Heading Zeroes
0.008m -- 1
0.015607-- 8
Leading zeroes in decimal numbers are not significant

Sandwiched zeroes
50.8 mm -- 3
2001 minutes -- 4
Zeroes between non zero numbers are significant

Trailing zeroes without decimal
25,000 in -- 2
200 yr -- 1
Trailing zeroes in numbers without decimals are not significant if they are serving as place holders

Trailing zeroes with decimal
34.000 in -- 5
201.00 in -- 5
Trailing zeroes in numbers with decimals are significant

Significant numbers in calculations
-A calculated answer can't be more precise than the measuring tool

World History June 24, 2008 1st Qtr

Mesopotamia Civilization

cradle of Civilization - Iraq - Mesopotamia

Robert Braidwood:
> ample rain
> wild ancestors of domesticated flock
> edible plants

Importance of Settling
>aggricultural revolution
> need to have permanent settlements
> food sources shifted, scarcity of food
> child rearing
> Hassuna: houses, pots, aesthetic achievement

Mesopotamia 'between rivers'
Tigris - stronger current
Euphrates

- lands near the twin rivers are fertile-

> fish, water fowl
> swamps, marshes
> weather: summer (hot because it's a desert), winter (strong stormy south wind), spring (flooded)

Ubaidians
> 1st inhabitants of Mesopotamia
> farmers, builders
> intermarrying of nomads of Semitic nomads of Syrian Desert and Arabian Peninsula
> offspring are Sumerians

Ubaidians x Semitic Nomads = Sumerians

STATE	KING
kish -> Erech	ETANA -> Dumuzi, Gilgamesh
Elamites (nomads)
Adab	Lugallannemmundu
INTERMEDIATE - break, division, distortion
Lagash	Eannatum
Umma	Lugalzaggesi ->
	Sargon of Kish, Akkadia Era

COMPUTER III 1st Qtr July 1, 2008

TC Program
> DOS (Disk Operating System) Base Program

PROMPT
-> directory
-> program files, accessories

[A, C, D, E, F]
> File Allocation Drive

Turbo C - symbols

Visual Basic - words

====================================================================
====================================================================
~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~*

" A good programmer is a good planner"
=> knows how to organize

PROGRAM => the instruction, output, presentation

PROGRAMMING => process

3 WAYS IN CREATING A PROGRAM

Algorithm - logical procedure ( logical)
Pseudocode - outline form (textual)
Flowchart - graphical representation, graphical of algorithm (Data Flow Diagram, Blueprint of the Program)

Fundamentals of Programming
(Data Handling in Programming)

DATA TYPES:
Type of Information
> numeric (integer, float/double)
> alphanumeric data (number, character, string)
> date & time (day, month, year, hour, etc.)
> logical data (true, false)

NUMERIC
> numbers, whole, real

integer - whole numbers

float & double - numbers with fractional parts

ALPHANUMERIC
> numbers, alphabets, special characters

Number - numbers that can't be used in operations

Character - a single variable

String - combination of variables

DATE & TIME
> holds the day, month, year (date), hour, minute, and second (time)

LOGICAL DATA
2 values : TRUE (any value), FALSE (zero 0)

VARIABLE
> name chosen to represent an item/value
e.g. x = :P

CONSTANT
> never changes. DEFINITE
e.g. x = 5, formula, pi=3.1416
> identifiers

OPERATORS
> symbols that indicate the operation to be performed on the data

-> Arithmetic -> Relational -> Logical
UPEMDAS

U - Unary (+/-)
P - parenthesis
E - exponents (^ is caret)
M - multiplication
D - divide
A - addition
S - subtraction

- comparing 2 values
!=, <>

- determine if a condition is satisfied

AND - BOTH = TRUE
OR - 1/BOTH = TRUE
NOT - TRUE = FALSE, NOT - FALSE = TRUE


====================================================================
====================================================================
~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~**~~*

INTRODUCTION TO VISUAL BASIC

categories of programming language

-> MACHINE LANGUAGE
natural language of the computer that generally consists of strings of numbers
(binary numbers -> 1,0 & bits)

-> ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
programming language which uses mnemonic codes or abbreviations (a+b)

-> MIDDLE LEVEL LANGUAGE
uses instructions that are expressed in a slightly more readable form (getch, printf, scanf)

-> HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
uses English-like words/human-readable language (%-mod)

TRANSLATORS

> COMPILER
translates the whole program into machine language before executing the program, regardless of the syntax error (e.g. TC)

>INTERPRETER
translates a program, line by line into machine language and stops once an error has been encountered (e.g. VB)

Visual Basic
> high-level program language
> interpreter
> creates applications for WINDOWS
> introduces windows-based programming

VB Structure
> Programming in VB is done in a graphical environment
> Contains tools for testing and creating VB programs (Integrated Development Environment)
> event-driven Programming Language
> an operation is executed as the result of some kind of event
>Object - oriented
> application programs are created using different objects (pro-choice)
>Well-defined structure
>utilizes a form module to create objects (no form, no interface)

A VB Programming Object has:

-Properties
> characteristics of an object
Methods
> functions of an object that can be manipulated
Controls
> objects that can be placed on a form

Technology and Home Economics III 1st Qtr June 18, 2008

-generation of idea that result in the improved efficiency or effectiveness of a system

efficiency - system - organized - speed
effectiveness - result - output

Who is an entrepreneur?
> entrepreneur() n. A person who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk for a business venture (www.answers.com)
> originates from the French word, "entreprendre"which means "to undertake"

In a business contest, it means to start a business (www.quickmba.com)

Creativity

Creativity Process
> If someone/some people are born creative and talents, can creativity be developed?
Creativity can be developed in a person and improved in those who already have it. The Creative Process:
> it can be developed in many ways
> creative process do not always occur in the same order for every creative activity

PHASE I: BACKGROUND/KNOWLEDGE ACCUMULATION
PHASE II: INCUBATION PROCESS
PHASE III: THE IDEA EXPERIENCE
PHASE IV: EVALUATION & IMPLEMENTATION

PHASE I: BACKGROUND
> Prof. Reading and groups, discussion
> seminars and traveling
> files and references
> jotting notes
> curiosity

PHASE II: INCUBATION
> Allow the subconscious mind to work (sleep/do mindless activities/think of problems before sleeping)

PHASE III: IDEA PROCESS
> Bright Ideas - pops after incubation
> mistakes as only component of creativity
> Ideas - spring into minds - doing unrelated activities
> Daydream, hobbies, jotting notes, work breaks

PHASE IV: EVALUATION & IMPLEMENTATION
> Phase where successful entrepreneurs identify ideas that are practical, feasible and workable
>Requires great deal
discipline, courage, determination, perseverance, and confidence

The INNOVATIVE PROCESS

Sources of Innovation
Innovation and Entrepreneurial Activities

What is innovation?

It means by which the entrepreneur either creates new wealth-producing resources or endows existing resources with enhanced potential for creating wealth.


1. Invention
2. Extension
3. Duplication
4. Synthesis


1. Invention
> New products, services, or processes are created
> Novel or untried

e.g. airplanes - Wright Brothers; light bulb - Thomas Edison; Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell

2. Extension
> existing products, services, or processes are expanded
> a different application of current idea is tried

e.g. Ray Kroc - Mc Donald's, Nolan Bushnell - Atari, Kemmons Wilson - Holiday Inn

3. Duplication
> existing products and services are replicated
> own touch is added to improve/enhance the product

e.g. Lucy Goldstar- Personal Computer, Jollibee - fast food, Likha Papaya - whitening soap, Kalde-Kaldero, Kawakawali, aawitan Kita-Filipino restaurant

4. Synthesis
> existing concepts and factors are combined into a new formulation
> gathering of existing ideas/items
> finding ways to make them from a new use/application

e.g. shopwise * 3-1 printer * casio-wrist watches

Sources of Innovation
Make use of innovations to exploit rather than create change following are external and internal areas that serves as sources of innovation:

1. Unexpected occurrences
> unanticipated/unplanned
> success/failure
> prove to be major surprise

2. Incongruities
> results happen when there's a gap between expectation and reality

3. Process Needs
> demands innovation & answers particular need

e.g. manufacture health product, food, convenience, time-savers

3. Industry & Marketing Changes
> consumer attitudes, advancement in technology, industrial growth
> develop that cause consistent shifts in the market

e.g. Industrial sewing machines - RTW

5. Demographic Changes
> result of changes in population, age, education, geographic location, etc.

e.g. influx of trendy fads is caused by an increasing teenage population like cellular phones & personal computer

6. Changes in perception
> people's interpretation of facts and concepts
> intangible and meaningful

e.g. fitness craze, flawless skin, white skin

7. Knowledge
> based concepts
> invention
> inventions - products of new thinking, new methods and new knowledge
> longest time - initiation and market implementation
> testing & modification to ensure success